| 1. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Spill-over effects in response to intermittent charges of car use
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented in J. Schade & L. Steg (Conveners), Effectiveness and acceptability of transport pricing. Symposium conducted at the 3rd international conference on traffic & transport psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A system of charging car use may be more acceptable if the charges are intermittent, for instance, charging every car user one day a week rather than every day. In this research we raise the complementary question of whether such a system of intermittent charges can be equally effective. In an experimental simulation we show that it may in fact be more effective. The reason is that on no-charge days many car users continue to use the slower travel mode, thereby (in our simulation) decreasing travel times for all. Activating norms of reciprocation or fairness, or inducing feelings of empathy for those who suffer are proposed as alternative explanations. The results of additional studies seem to favor the last one
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| 2. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Are car users too lazy to walk? The relation of distance thresholds for driving to the perceived effort of walking.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study tested the hypothesis that frequent driving makes people averse to exerting physical effort through walking. In support of the hypothesis, the decrease in distance thresholds for driving associated with an increase in driving frequency was partially mediated by a measure of perceived exertion. Pol-icy implications of the obtained results are discussed with the suggestion being made that potentially effective means by which to decrease the frequency of short automobile trips may be through the use of land-use planning strategies and of de-marketing strategies for car use
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| 3. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Household choices of activity/travel change options for reducing car use
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the conference Progress in activity-based analysis, Vaeshartelt Castle, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A conceptual framework based on self-regulation theory in social psychology is proposed with the purpose of analyzing changes in household car use affected by travel demand management (TDM) measures. TDM measures changing car use options are assumed to influence strategic choices of car-use reduction goals as well as operational choices of activity/travel change options in order to attain these goals. An ongoing internet survey will provide data on the activity/travel change options households choose depending on the size of the car use goal that they set
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| 4. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying with those punished in a social dilemma as a potential account of cooperation among the unpunished
- 2005
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Ingår i: . Paper presented at The 11th international conference on social dilemmas, Krakow, Poland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims were to replicate the spill-over effect first described by Eek et al. (2002) and to examine factors influencing the size of the spill-over effect. A principal components analysis was conducted on 12 questions posed after participants had made their choices of cooperation or defection. Examination suggested three components, labelled normative motives, belongingness motives, and emotional motives. Each participants principal component scores were used in a multiple regression analysis. The belongingness component reliably predicted the size of the spill-over effect. Thus, identifying with the fee-payer increases the spill-over effect. This is consistent with, amongst other things, theories of social value ori-entation
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| 5. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 3rd international conference on traffic & transport psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an internet survey, a random sample of 291 university employees living in Gothenburg, Sweden, reported their beliefs and evaluations of the consequences of implementing three travel demand management (TDM) measures varying from less to more coercive. The results showed that respondents differentiated amongst the TDM measures in terms of each measures expected consequences and that, when combining these beliefs with evaluations, a statistically significant proportion of variance was accounted for in attitudes to the TDM measures. Environmental concern modified several of the effects of consequences on attitudes towards TDM measures, as well as influencing overall attitude. The general and practical implications of these findings for improving attitudes to such policies are also discussed
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental tests of system of governmental subsidies for sustainable production.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 7th Nordic Environmental Social Science (NESS) research conference, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-trial duopoly price-setting game was used to investigate the potential ef-fectiveness of a governmental subsidy system to reduce sales and therefore pro-duction of environmentally harmful products. Two levels of a subsidy for unsold units were compared with a control condition without a subsidy. The results showed that the subsidies did not prevent competition but nevertheless led to the setting of higher prices that resulted in fewer sales. In the control condition a price war led to decreasing prices and increasing sales. The ways in which the proposed subsidy system may be implemented in the transport sector and other sectors are discussed. Specifically, it is proposed that the subsidy system may complement the newly introduced European Emission Trading Scheme
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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The dyadic subsidy game: Effects of uncertain and changing subsidies on price setting
- 2004
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Ingår i: Poster presented at the 28th international congress of psychology, Beijing, China..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to reduce sales (production) of environmentally harmful products we investigate the effects of subsidies that compensate producers for what they do not sell. A repeated duopoly price-setting game with imperfect price competition was devised. The results show that higher subsidies led to reduced sales and, as a consequence, higher price, and that uncertainty regarding the size of the subsidy did not change this. Furthermore, competition was not eroded by introducing the subsidy. The results also indicate that the theoretical framework of dyadic price negotiation is applicable to the dyadic subsidy game. We conclude that such a subsidy system may be used as a regulating mechanism in order to reduce sales (and thereby production) of environmentally harmful products or as a tool to restrain the overharvesting of finite resources
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