| 1. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Car user responses to travel demand management measures: Goal setting and choice of adaptation alternatives
- 2004
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Ingår i: Transportation Research D. ; :9, s. 263-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Travel demand management measures can be used to encourage car users to set car-use reduction goals when experiencing impairments in travel options. In forming plans to reduce car-use contingent on such goals, car users consider a range of adaptation alternatives including more efficient car use, suppressing trips, and switching travel mode. These adaptation alternatives, it may be argued, are implemented sequentially over time according to a cost-minimisation principle. A focus group study was conducted gauging the creativity of car-using households when contemplating adaptation alternatives, followed by an Internet-based questionnaire study in an attempt to obtain quantitative estimates of the size of car-use reduction goals and frequency of implementation of adaptation alternatives. The data revealed that the effects of travel demand management measures and trip purpose on the setting of car-use reduction goals were small. While the cost-minimisation principle seemed to dictate stated choices of adaptation alternatives, further research needs to examine the ways in which the principle must be qualified.
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| 2. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Choice of driving versus walking related to cognitive distance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology / edited by Gary L. Allen. - Mahwah, N.J. ; London : Lawrence Erlbaum. - 0805852999 ; , s. 3-24
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driving a private automobile is frequently chosen at distances that are within walking distance. Followed by a review of previous research on driving choice as well as related research on spatial cognition, this chapter focuses on the role played by cognitive distance for choices between driving and walking, The results of an internet survey are presented showing that choices of driving over walking increases with objective distance according to a concave power function similar to the way cognitive distance is related to objective distance. Suggestions are made for how urban planning supported by information technology may suppress driving at short distances
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| 3. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and psychological determinants of car ownership and use
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 383-405
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chapter reviews research on determinants of car ownership and use. After a description of historical trends, the chapter focus on economic, instrumental and psychological determinants of car ownership and use. A final part describes soft and hard policy measures for reducing car use.
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| 4. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Pricing in road transport: Multidisciplinary perspectives.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Verhoef, E., Bliemer, M., Steg, L. & Van Wee, B. (Eds.), Pricing in road transport: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.. - England, Cheltenham : Edward Elgar.. - 978 1 84542 860 0 ; , s. 193-208
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chapter discusses different measures of public attitude to pricing of road transport with focus on private car use. Empirical data from the Stockholm road pricing field trial are used to estimate models of determinants of privat car users’ attitudes to the field trial.
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| 5. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Spill-over effects in response to intermittent charges of car use
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented in J. Schade & L. Steg (Conveners), Effectiveness and acceptability of transport pricing. Symposium conducted at the 3rd international conference on traffic & transport psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A system of charging car use may be more acceptable if the charges are intermittent, for instance, charging every car user one day a week rather than every day. In this research we raise the complementary question of whether such a system of intermittent charges can be equally effective. In an experimental simulation we show that it may in fact be more effective. The reason is that on no-charge days many car users continue to use the slower travel mode, thereby (in our simulation) decreasing travel times for all. Activating norms of reciprocation or fairness, or inducing feelings of empathy for those who suffer are proposed as alternative explanations. The results of additional studies seem to favor the last one
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| 6. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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A cost-minimization principle of adaptation of private car use in response to road pricing schemes.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Jensen-Butler, C., Larsen, M., Madsen, B., Nielsen, O. A., & Sloth, B. (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy, and the environment. - : Springer. - 978 3 540 77149 4
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, a theoretical framework is proposed with the aim of understanding reduction or changes in private car use in response to road pricing. It is argued that economic disincentives may activate car-use reduction or change goals in individuals and households. However, for car-use reduction or change goals to be implemented, other travel demand management measures are needed that make alternative travel options attractive. A review and classification of these other measures is provided of these other measures followed by an assessment of their potential effectiveness in this respect.
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| 7. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Are car users too lazy to walk? The relation of distance thresholds for driving to the perceived effort of walking.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study tested the hypothesis that frequent driving makes people averse to exerting physical effort through walking. In support of the hypothesis, the decrease in distance thresholds for driving associated with an increase in driving frequency was partially mediated by a measure of perceived exertion. Pol-icy implications of the obtained results are discussed with the suggestion being made that potentially effective means by which to decrease the frequency of short automobile trips may be through the use of land-use planning strategies and of de-marketing strategies for car use
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| 8. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Household choices of activity/travel change options for reducing car use
- 2004
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the conference Progress in activity-based analysis, Vaeshartelt Castle, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A conceptual framework based on self-regulation theory in social psychology is proposed with the purpose of analyzing changes in household car use affected by travel demand management (TDM) measures. TDM measures changing car use options are assumed to influence strategic choices of car-use reduction goals as well as operational choices of activity/travel change options in order to attain these goals. An ongoing internet survey will provide data on the activity/travel change options households choose depending on the size of the car use goal that they set
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| 9. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying with those punished in a social dilemma as a potential account of cooperation among the unpunished
- 2005
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Ingår i: . Paper presented at The 11th international conference on social dilemmas, Krakow, Poland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims were to replicate the spill-over effect first described by Eek et al. (2002) and to examine factors influencing the size of the spill-over effect. A principal components analysis was conducted on 12 questions posed after participants had made their choices of cooperation or defection. Examination suggested three components, labelled normative motives, belongingness motives, and emotional motives. Each participants principal component scores were used in a multiple regression analysis. The belongingness component reliably predicted the size of the spill-over effect. Thus, identifying with the fee-payer increases the spill-over effect. This is consistent with, amongst other things, theories of social value ori-entation
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| 10. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping the potential consequences of car-use reduction in urban areas
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. ; 13, s. 135-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy measures managing the demand for private car use are contemplated in urban areas all over the world. A first step in evaluating the effectiveness as well as the interrelated sociospatial consequences of travel demand manage-ment (TDM) measures is determining how their implementation changes the travel options faced by households in different segments. Geocoded travel diary data from Gothenburg, Sweden, are analysed with the aim of determining the number and type of trips by car to the city centre that would be affected by the introduction of traffic regulations varying spatially and temporally. Logistic re-gression analyses are performed to identify effects on different trip purposes, as well as individual and household characteristics related to changes in travel op-tions. The possible application of the results within a policy context and to other urban areas is discussed along with the potential implications for research into adaptation strategies adopted in response to the implementation of TDM meas-ures.
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