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- Dey, Tushar, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic Residues and Antimicrobial Resistant bacteria in the Poultry Value Chain of Two Indian States
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The poultry industry's rapid expansion has made it a significant global meat source, especially in India, which ranks as the eighth largest broiler meat producer. However, severe concerns have arisen over the increasing antibiotic resistance in low and middle-income countries, including India. This study systematically investigated the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, along with their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, in poultry samples from Assam and Karnataka states in India. We found high prevalence of NTS (26%) and E. coli (53%) in various poultry samples, with substantial regional variations. Assam and Karnataka contribute differently to the overall NTS prevalence, with Karnataka bearing the highest burden (39% versus 14%). The presence of NTS and E. coli in treated water intended for watering poultry raises concerns about the effectiveness of water disinfection methods. Serovar analysis highlights the dominance of Typhimurium, Kentucky, Infantis and other serovars, some exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), including resistance to fluoroquinolones. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, including carbapenem-resistant E. coli, presents a potential decline in treatment options. The study highlights the presence of MDR among NTS and stresses the importance of monitoring resistance profiles to devise effective antimicrobial strategies. The study underscores the necessity of collaborative efforts to combat AMR and ensure food safety, health, and wellbeing on a global scale.
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- Järhult, Josef, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental levels of oseltamivir induce development of resistance mutation H274Y in influenza A/H1N1 virus in mallards – implications for the risk of an oseltamivir resistant influenza pandemic
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Resistance in influenza is a growing problem. Oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), the active substance of the most widely used antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu ®), is poorly degraded in sewage treatment plants and surface water. OC has been detected in aquatic environments where the natural influenza reservoir, dabbling ducks, can be exposed to it. To test if resistance can occur in this situation, we infected mallards with influenza A/H1N1 virus and exposed the birds to 0.08 μg /L, 1.00 μg/L and 80.00 μg/L of OC. The resistance mutation H274Y occurred at 1 μg/L and rapidly dominated the viral population at 80 μg/L. The environmental levels of OC are expected to reach this magnitude. IC50 for OC was increased from 1-4 nM to 400-700 nM in H274Y-positive isolates, confirming a resistant phenotype. As influenza viruses can cross the species barrier, resistance to oseltamivir can spread to human-adapted strains with pandemic potential disabling one of the cornerstones in pandemic preparedness planning.
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- Katsaros, Ioannis, et al.
(författare)
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Antiviral Properties of Oxidized Silicon Nitride Against SARS-CoV-2
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to a global pandemic that caused several million deaths. The severity of this pandemic created challenges for scientists worldwide regarding the prevention of the spread of COVID-19, the disease the virus causes. While the use of personal protective equipment and social distancing limited the spread of the virus, high transmission rates were noted. A solution to the issue of viral spread can be partially given by the utilization of antiviral materials for long-term protection against pathogens on environmental surfaces. To this end, nitrides are materials of high interest due to their proven efficiency in inactivating bacteria and viruses. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a ceramic material that possesses an inactivation mechanism termed ‘catch and kill’. In this study we hypothesized that a surface-modified Si3N4 material whose hydrophilicity has been increased through a heat treatment could lead to high attachment and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virions. Si3N4 powders were oxidized, characterized and the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by them was tested. The results showed that oxidized Si3N4 was highly effective in binding and inactivating SARS-CoV-2 after as little as one minute of contact and can be used to inhibit the spread of COVID-19 under certain circumstances.
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- Kindberg, Elin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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A Missense Mutation in the Toll‐like Receptor 3 Gene (TLR3) is Associated with Decreased Risk of Tick‐borne Encephalitis
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Infections with tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) may be asymptomatic or cause severe symptoms from the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis. A mutation in the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene has been associated with increased risk of TBE but can only explain a limited number of cases and investigations of further risk factors are clearly needed. To investigate the importance of the innate immune response, 128 Lithuanian TBE patients with meningitis or encephalitis, 77 patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis (AME) and 135 healthy controls were analyzed for three mutations: two in the toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene and one in the 2´‐5´ oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) gene. While no association was found between the mutation in OAS1 and TBE, the genotype distribution of one of the mutations in TLR3, rs3775291, differed significantly between the TBE patients and the controls. 61%, 32% and 7% of the TBE patients (n=127) were carriers of the wild‐type/wild‐type, heterozygous and mutant/mutant genotype of TLR3 rs3775291 genotype respectively. The corresponding percentages for healthy controls (n=126) were 52%, 29% and 19% (P=0.02) and for AME patients (n=75) 47%, 32% and 21% (P=0.009). The wild‐type rs3775291 allele was more common among TBE patients than healthy controls (allele frequency 0.768 vs. 0.663, P=0.01), suggesting that functional TLR3 is a risk factor for severe TBEV infection.
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- Krambrich, Janina, et al.
(författare)
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Vector competence of Swedish Culex pipiens mosquitos for Japanese Encephalitis Virus
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus that poses a significant public health concern in many temperate and tropical regions in Asia. Since the climate in some endemic countries is similar to temperate climates observed in Europe, understanding the role of specific mosquito species in the transmission of JEV is essential for predicting and effectively controlling the potential for an introduction and establishment of JEV in Europe. This study aimed to investigate the vector competence of colonized Culex pipiens biotype molestus mosquitoes for JEV. The mosquitoes were initially collected from the field in southern Sweden. The mosquitoes were offered a blood meal containing the Nakayama strain of JEV (genotype III), and infection rates (IR), dissemination rates (DR), and transmission rates (TR) were evaluated at 14, 21, and 28 days post-feeding. The study revealed that colonized Swedish Cx. pipiens are susceptible to JEV infection, with stable IR of around 10% at all time-points. However, virus was only detected in the legs of one mosquito at 21 days post feeding, and no mosquito saliva contained JEV. Overall, this research shows that Swedish Cx. pipiens can become infected with JEV, and emphasizes the importance of further understanding the thresholds and barriers for JEV dissemination in mosquitoes.
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