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- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Approach, avoidance, and the perception of credibility
- 2020
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Ingår i: Open Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2543-8883. ; 2:1, s. 3-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Gärningsmannaprofilering
- 2021
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Ingår i: Handbok i rättspsykologi (andra upplagan). - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147113064 ; , s. 304-325
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gärningsmannaprofilering, GMP, syftar till att härleda en gärningspersons egenskaper eller hemvist utifrån vad som är känt om bland annat brottet och brottsoffret. När detta arbete skildras i tv-serier och långfilmer framställs det ofta som snabbt, glamoröst och nästintill ofelbart. Verkligheten är dock en helt annan. GMP är inte någon mirakelmetod och arbetet är oftast mycket tidskrävande och tålamodsprövande. Den potentiella nyttan av en metod som kan hjälpa brottsutredare att snäva in spanings- och utredningsarbetet är dock stor, och därför har poliser världen över länge visat intresse för GMP. Detta kapitel ger en kort historik över områdets utveckling och beskriver olika varianter av GMP. Dessutom beskrivs hur modern forskning kring GMP bedrivs, vad forskningen visar om metodernas effektivitet samt hur GMP används i praktiken, utifrån både ett internationellt och ett svenskt perspektiv.
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| 3. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Human Lie-Detection Performance: Does Random Assignment versus Self-Selection of Liars and Truth-Tellers Matter?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 9:1, s. 128-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception research has been criticized for its common practice of randomly allocating senders to truth-telling and lying conditions. In this study, we directly compared receivers’ lie-detection accuracy when judging randomly assigned versus self-selected truth-tellers and liars. In a trust-game setting, senders were instructed to lie or tell the truth (random assignment; n = 16) or were allowed to choose to lie or tell the truth of their own accord (self-selection; n = 16). In a sample of receivers (N = 200), we tested two alternative hypotheses, predicting opposite effects of random assignment (vs. self-selection) on receivers’ lie-detection accuracy. Accuracy rates did not differ significantly as a function of veracity assignment, failing to support the claim that random assignment of liars and truth-tellers alters the detectability of deception. Equivalence tests indicated that, while a small effect of random assignment cannot be ruled out, moderate (or larger) effect sizes are unlikely.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Do True and False Intentions Differ in Level of Abstraction? A Test of Construal Level Theory in Deception Contexts
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to examine how people mentally represent alleged future actions—their true and false intentions. In two experiments, participants were asked to either tell the truth (i.e., express true intentions) or lie (i.e., express false intentions) about performing future tasks. Drawing on Construal Level Theory, which proposes that psychologically distant events are more abstractly construed than proximal ones, it was predicted that liars would have more abstract mental representations of the future tasks than truth tellers, due to differences in hypotheticality (i.e., the likelihood of the future tasks occurring). Construal level was measured by a video segmentation task (Experiment 1, N = 125) and preference for abstract or concrete descriptions of tasks (Experiment 2, N = 59). Veracity had no effect on construal level. Speaking against our initial predictions, the data indicate that true and false intentions are construed at similar levels of abstraction. The results are discussed in the light of Construal Level Theory and the emerging psycho-legal research on true and false intentions.
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| 6. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Drawing what lies ahead: False intentions are more abstractly depicted than true intentions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080. ; 32:4, s. 518-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine how people mentally represent and depict true and false statements about claimed future actionsso-called true and false intentions. On the basis of construal level theory, which proposes that subjectively unlikely events are more abstractly represented than likely ones, we hypothesized that false intentions should be represented at a more abstract level than true intentions. Fifty-six hand drawings, produced by participants to describe mental images accompanying either true or false intentions, were rated on level of abstractness by a second set of participants (N=117) blind to the veracity of the intentions. As predicted, drawings of false intentions were rated as more abstract than drawings of true intentions. This result advances the use of drawing-based deception detection techniques to the field of true and false intentions and highlights the potential for abstractness as a novel cue to deceit.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic concreteness of statements of true and false intentions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 12:4, s. 531-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim was to examine how people communicate their true and false intentions. Based on construal-level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), we predicted that statements of true intentions would be more concretely phrased than statements of false intentions. True intentions refer to more likely future events than false intentions, and they should therefore be mentally represented at a lower level of mental construal. This should be mirrored in more concrete language use. Transcripts of truthful and deceptive statements about intentions from six previous experimental studies (total N = 528) were analyzed using two automated verbal content analysis approaches: a folk-conceptual measure of concreteness (Brysbaert et al., 2014) and linguistic category model scoring (Seih et al., 2017). Contrary to our hypotheses, veracity did not predict statements’ concreteness scores, suggesting that automated verbal analysis of linguistic concreteness is not a viable deception detection technique for intentions.
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| 10. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective likelihood and the construal level of future events: A replication study of Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, and Alony (2006)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 119:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006) examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over 7 experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the construal level theory (CLT) literature: Likelihood is considered to be 1 of 4 psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope & Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present 2 close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) that failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for CLT and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
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