| 1. |
- Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students
- 2022
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.
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| 2. |
- Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh Attallah, et al.
(författare)
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Decreases in divergent thinking across age groups from 2005 to 2018 amongst school children in Sudan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performances on tests of creativity have been found to be in decline in the USA. Here, we explore scores on divergent thinking tests in private schools in Khartoum State in Sudan by comparing a 2005 and a 2018 administration of the Torrance Standardized Circles test to 8- to 12-year-olds of both sexes. We find a decline across the period in all three dimensions of the test (Fluency, Flexibility and Originality), as well as in the overall index of divergent thinking. In line with much previous research, females consistently outperform males. Examining previous studies that report Negative Flynn Effects on IQ in Arab countries, we conclude that our results most likely reflect highly localized and exclusively environmental causes, and caution against assuming that the same processes that underlie Negative Flynn Effects in the West, whether on IQ or any trait correlated with it, also underlie it in the Arab World.
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| 3. |
- Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah Attallah, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the Simber Effect : why is the age-dependent increase in children's cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 122, s. 38-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research indicates that the typical increase in IQ during childhood is greater in European countries than in Arab countries. A systematic literature review of age-dependent IQ in Arab countries is conducted, yielding relevant studies for 12 countries that fulfil the inclusion criteria. In almost all of these studies, Arab children exhibit an age-dependent IQ decline relative to Caucasian children, from 5 to about 12 years of age in particular. We term this phenomenon the Simber Effect. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. (1) The Flynn Effect is less intense in Arab countries because of localised differences, including poorer education quality and greater religiosity. (2) Those from Arab countries follow a faster Life History Strategy than Europeans, for environmental and possibly genetic reasons. Either way, the Simber Effect may amount to a Wilson Effect, meaning that the impact of genetic IQ increases with age.
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| 4. |
- Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh, et al.
(författare)
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Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.
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| 5. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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"Blessed are the nations with high levels of schizophrenia" : national level schizophrenia prevalence and its relationship with national level religiosity
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 61:1, s. 6-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Dutton, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic, economic, and genetic factors related to national differences in ethnocentric attitudes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 101, s. 137-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a review of factors associated with individual and group level differences in positive ethnocentrism (PE) and negative ethnocentrism (NE). We inter-correlated datasets on national differences in these factors with data from the World Values Survey with regard to national differences in measures of PE and NE. The two different survey items for each construct were strongly correlated, but the constructs themselves were not significantly associated. Multiple regression analyses indicated that NE was mainly related to high levels of cousin marriage and frequency of the DRD4-repeat gene, and that PE was mainly related to a young median population age. Cousin marriage may indicate low levels of trust, DRD4 implies a fast Life History strategy, and young median age is associated with many factors predicting PE.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of punishment
- 2019
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196497 - 9783319169996
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Dutton, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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Execution, violent punishment and selection for religiousness in medieval England
- 2018
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Psychological Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2198-9885. ; 4:1, s. 83-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frost and Harpending, Evolutionary Psychology, 13 (2015), have argued that the increasing use of capital punishment across the Middle Ages in Europe altered the genotype, helping to create a less violent and generally more law-abiding population. Developing this insight, we hypothesise that the same system of violent punishments would also have helped to genotypically create a more religious society by indirectly selecting for religiousness, through the execution of men who had not yet sired any offspring. We estimate the selection differential for religiousness based on genetic correlation data for conceivably related traits, and compare that to the actual increase in religiosity across the Middle Ages. We further explore other mechanisms by which religiousness was being selected for in Medieval England, and conclude that executions most likely contributed substantially to the increase in religiosity, but that other selection pressures also played a role.
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| 10. |
- Dutton, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization : a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sexuality Research & Social Policy. - : Springer. - 1868-9884 .- 1553-6610. ; 18:3, s. 788-799
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation.Methods: Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality.Results: Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae).Conclusions: Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one’s sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard’s transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.
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