| 1. |
- Holm, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Executive control and working memory are involved in sub-second repetitive motor timing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 235:3, s. 787-798
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nature of the relationship between timing and cognition remains poorly understood. Cognitive control is known to be involved in discrete timing tasks involving durations above 1 s, but has not yet been demonstrated for repetitive motor timing below 1 s. We examined the latter in two continuation tapping experiments, by varying the cognitive load in a concurrent task. In Experiment 1, participants repeated a fixed three finger sequence (low executive load) or a pseudorandom sequence (high load) with either 524-, 733-, 1024- or 1431-ms inter-onset intervals (IOIs). High load increased timing variability for 524 and 733-ms IOIs but not for the longer IOIs. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate this finding for a concurrent memory task. Participants retained three letters (low working memory load) or seven letters (high load) while producing intervals (524- and 733-ms IOIs) with a drum stick. High load increased timing variability for both IOIs. Taken together, the experiments demonstrate that cognitive control processes influence sub-second repetitive motor timing.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour : unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing
- 2011
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 214:2, s. 175-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intelligence is associated with accuracy in a wide range of timing tasks. One source of such associations is likely to be individual differences in top-down control, e.g. sustained attention, that influence performance in both temporal tasks and other cognitively controlled behaviors. In addition, we have studied relations between intelligence and a simple rhythmic motor task, isochronous serial interval production (ISIP), and found a substantial component of that relation, which is independent of fluctuations in top-down control. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether such bottom-up mechanisms are involved also in the relation between intelligence and reaction time (RT) tasks. We thus investigated if common variance between the ISIP and RT tasks underlies their respective associations with intelligence. 112 participants performed a simple RT task, a choice RT task and the ISIP task. Intelligence was assessed with the Raven SPM Plus. The analysed timing variables included mean and variability in the RT tasks and two variance components in the ISIP task. As predicted, RT and ISIP variables were associated with intelligence. The timing variables were positively intercorrelated and a principal component analysis revealed a substantial first principal component that was strongly related to all timing variables, and positively correlated with intelligence. Furthermore, a commonality analysis demonstrated that the relations between intelligence and the timing variables involved a commonality between the timing variables as well as unique contributions from choice RT and ISIP. We discuss possible implications of these findings, and argue that they support our main hypothesis, i.e. that relations between intelligence and RT tasks have a bottom-up component.
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| 4. |
- Holm, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Motor and Executive Control in Repetitive Timing of Brief Intervals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 39:2, s. 365-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the causal role of executive control functions in the production of brief time intervals by means of a concurrent task paradigm. To isolate the influence of executive functions on timing from motor coordination effects, we dissociated executive load from the number of effectors used in the dual task situation. In 3 experiments, participants produced isochronous intervals ranging from 524 to 2,000 ms with either the left or the right hand. The concurrent task consisted of the production of either a pseudorandom (high cognitive load) or a simple repeated (low cognitive load) spatial sequence of key presses, while also maintaining a regular temporal sequence. This task was performed with either a single hand (unimanual) or with both hands simultaneously (bimanual). Interference in terms of increased timing variability caused by the concurrent task was observed only in the bimanual condition. We verified that motor coordination in bimanual tasks alone could not account for the interference. Timing interference only appeared when (a) more than 1 effector was involved and (b) there were simultaneous task demands that recruited executive functions. Task interference was not seen if only 1 of these 2 conditions was met. Thus, our results suggest that executive functions are not directly involved in motor timing, but can indirectly affect timing performance when they are required to schedule complex motor coordination.
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| 5. |
- Holm, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Whenever next : Hierarchical timing of perception and action
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 36:3, s. 217-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The target article focuses on the predictive coding of "what" and "where" something happened and the "where" and "what" response to make. We extend that scope by addressing the "when" aspect of perception and action. Successful interaction with the environment requires predictions of everything from millisecond-accurate motor timing to far future events. The hierarchical framework seems appropriate for timing.
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| 6. |
- Karampela, Olympia, 1983-
(författare)
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Exploring models of time processing : effects of training and modality, and the relationship with cognition in rhythmic motor tasks
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Timing can be defined as the ability to perceive temporal sequences and regulate timed behaviors. As in other animals, our ability to make accurate time estimations is crucial in order to accomplish several activities. Organisms can process time over a wide range of durations ranging from microseconds to days. In the middle of these extremes is the hundreds of milliseconds to seconds range which is important for many everyday behaviors, such as walking, speaking and dancing. Yet, how this is managed remains poorly understood. Some central issues with regard time processing in this particular time range are whether timing is governed by one, or by several different mechanisms, possibly invoked by different effectors used to perform the timing task, as well as, if cognitive capacities are also involved in rhythmic motor timing.This thesis includes three studies. Study I investigated the effects of short- term practice on a motor timing task. Analyses of the timing variability indicated that a substantial amount of learning occurred in the first hour of practice and declined afterwards, exhibiting no trend for further decrease across the remaining 60 or 210 minutes. This effect was similar across effector, amount of feedback, and interval duration. Our results suggested that training effects influenced mainly motor precision and raised the question of whether motor timing training influenced also cognitive capacities.Study II investigated the relationship between motor timing and cognition. Specifically, participants had to train a sensorimotor synchronization task (SMS) over several days, and the question was whether this training would improve cognitive performance. A near transfer effect was found between the sensorimotor synchronization task and the sustained attention task, indicating that sustained attention is involved in motor timing.Study III compared the timing variability between the eyes and the hands, as a function of four different intervals, in order to examine whether these systems are temporally controlled by the same or different mechanism(s). The results showed several positive correlations in variability, between the eye and the finger movements, which, however, were significant only for the longer intervals. In addition, they were differences in variability between the eye and the hand, for the different interval durations.In general, the pattern of results from these studies suggested that voluntary motor timing is managed by overlapping distributed mechanisms and that these mechanisms are related to systems that manage cognitive processes, such as attention. The results partially explain the well-known relationships between cognitive ability and timing.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Karampela, Olympia, et al.
(författare)
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Motor timing training improves sustained attention performance but not fluid intelligence : near but not far transfer
- 2020
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 238:4, s. 1051-1060
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ssociations between cognitive and motor timing performance are documented in hundreds of studies. A core finding is a correlation of about − 0.3 to − 0.5 between psychometric intelligence and time interval production variability and reaction time, but the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether this relation is subject to near and far transfer across a battery of cognitive and timing tasks. These tasks were administered pre- and post-five daily 30 min sessions of sensorimotor synchronization training with feedback for every interval. The training group exhibited increased sustained attention performance in Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II, but no change in the block design and figure weights subtests from the WAIS-IV. A passive control group exhibited no change in performance on any of the timing or cognitive tests. These findings provide evidence for a direct involvement of sustained attention in motor timing as well as near transfer from synchronization to unpaced serial interval production. Implications for the timing–cognition relationship are discussed in light of various putative timing mechanisms.
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| 9. |
- Karampela, Olympia, et al.
(författare)
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Shared timing variability in eye and finger movements increases with interval duration : support for a distributed timing system below and above one second
- 2015
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226. ; 68:10, s. 1965-1980
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The origins of the ability to produce action at will at the hundreds of millisecond to second range remain poorly understood. A central issue is whether such timing is governed by one mechanism or by several different mechanisms, possibly invoked by different effectors used to perform the timing task. If two effectors invoke similar timing mechanisms, then they should both produce similar variability increase with interval duration (interonset interval) and thus adhere to Weber's law (increasing linearly with the duration of the interval to be timed). Additionally, if both effectors invoke the same timing mechanism, the variability of the effectors should be highly correlated across participants. To test these possibilities, we assessed the behavioural characteristics across fingers and eyes as effectors and compared the timing variability between and within them as a function of the interval to be produced (interresponse interval). Sixty participants produced isochronous intervals from 524 to 1431 ms with their fingers and their eyes. High correlations within each effector indicated consistent performance within participants. Consistent with a single mechanism, temporal variability in both fingers and eyes followed Weber's law, and significant correlations between eye and finger variability were found for several intervals. These results can support neither the single clock nor the multiple clock hypotheses but instead suggest a partially overlapping distributed timing system.
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| 10. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of practice on variability in an isochronous serial interval production task : asymptotical levels of tapping variability after training are similar to those of musicians
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 143:1, s. 119-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Timing permeates everyday activities such as walking, dancing and music, yet the effect of short-term practicein this ubiquitous activity is largely unknown. In two training experiments involving sessions spreadacross several days, we examined short-term practice effects on timing variability in a sequential intervalproduction task. In Experiment 1, we varied the mode of response (e.g., drumstick and finger tapping) andthe level of sensory feedback. In Experiment 2 we varied the interval in 18 levels ranging from 500 ms to1624 ms. Both experiments showed a substantial decrease in variability within the first hour of practice,but little thereafter. This effect was similar across mode of response, amount of feedback, and interval duration,and was manifested as a reduction in both local variability (between neighboring intervals) and drift(fluctuation across multiple intervals). The results suggest mainly effects on motor implementation ratherthan on cognitive timing processes, and have methodological implications for timing studies that have notcontrolled for practice.
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