| 1. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Genius and premature birth: little evidence that claims about historically eminent scientists are accurate
- 2021
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Ingår i: Indian Journal of History of Science. - : Springer. - 0019-5235 .- 2454-9991. ; 56, s. 20-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of very eminent and highly creative individuals are often claimed to have been born prematurely, and the idea that widely recognised scientific geniuses such as Newton, Kepler, and Darwin were preterm has become a cultural meme through the popular press, and through popular and academic science books. This potentially raises very important questions, related to the nature and origin of creativity and innovation, as it has been suggested that prematurity and genius may be linked. Here, we review suggested links between prematurity and genius, in terms of psychological traits associated with genius, and compare the percentage of top geniuses in Murray's Human Accomplishment who are claimed to have been born prematurely to that of Western populations in general. Although a significant number of those in Murray's sample have been asserted to be preterm, we found that none of them could be said with certainty to have been so, refuting the hypothesis that there is a clear connection between prematurity and scientific genius.
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| 2. |
- Dutton, Edward, et al.
(författare)
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The intelligence and personality of Finland's Swedish-speaking minority
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 97, s. 45-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is evidence that Finland's Swedish-speaking minority (Finland-Swedes) may have a distinct intelligence-personality profile from the Finnish-speaking Finns (Finns). We test this through an examination of the two groups' PISA (Programme of International Student Assessment) scores (which assesses representative samples of 15 year olds from OECD countries) and their personality scores, drawing upon a representative Finnish sample. We found Finland-Swedes to have slightly lower average intelligence. However, when controlling for gender and age, the Finland-Swedes score significantly higher on Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Emotional Stability. Overall, we found a Jensen Effect whereby most of the personality differences between the two groups could be attributed to the General Factor of Personality (GFP), which reflects the shared variance of lower-order personality traits. The GFP is assumed to reflect general social effectiveness.
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| 3. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The myth of the stupid believer : The negative religiousness-IQ nexus is not on general intelligence (g) and is likely a product of the relations between IQ and Autism Spectrum traits
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 59:3, s. 1567-1579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between religiousness and IQ. It is in the region of - 0.2, according to meta-analyses. The reasons for this relationship are, however, unknown. It has been suggested that higher intelligence leads to greater attraction to science, or that it helps to override evolved cognitive dispositions such as for religiousness. Either way, such explanations assume that the religion-IQ nexus is on general intelligence (g), rather than some subset of specialized cognitive abilities. In other words, they assume it is a Jensen effect. Two large datasets comparing groups with different levels of religiousness show that their IQ differences are not on g and must, therefore, be attributed to specialized abilities. An analysis of the specialized abilities on which the religious and non-religious groups differ reveals no clear pattern. We cautiously suggest that this may be explicable in terms of autism spectrum disorder traits among people with high IQ scores, because such traits are negatively associated with religiousness.
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| 4. |
- Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Why do high IQ societies differ in intellectual achievement? : The role of schizophrenia and left-handedness in per capita scientific publications and Nobel prizes
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Journal of creative behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0175 .- 2162-6057. ; 54:4, s. 871-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has attempted to understand why countries with relatively favorable conditions and high estimated average IQs (such as Finland and Japan) have a relatively low per capita number of scientific Nobel prizes. In the present study, we examine whether there is a relationship between national schizophrenia and left‐handedness prevalence, on the one hand, and per capita scientific and literary achievement, on the other hand, in countries with IQ estimates of at least 90. We found that per capita science and literature Nobel prizes and scientific publications are strongly negatively associated with schizophrenia and strongly positively correlated with left‐handedness. There also was a very pronounced negative correlation between schizophrenia rate and left‐handedness rate. These results suggest that genius can be regarded as a combination of very high IQ, aspects of high‐functioning autism (specifically low empathy) plus relatively low impulse control, consistent with observations of intellectually outstanding individuals, and the fact that schizophrenia appears to constitute the opposite pole of these aspects of autism spectrum. We posit differences in androgen levels as a possible underlying explanation for these findings.
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| 5. |
- van der Linden, Dimitri, et al.
(författare)
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National-Level Indicators of Androgens are Related to the Global Distribution of Scientific Productivity and Science Nobel Prizes
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Journal of creative behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-0175 .- 2162-6057. ; 54:1, s. 134-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are national differences in scientific activity that are not well accounted for by economic and intellectual factors alone. We examine the novel hypothesis that androgen levels may also play a role. Androgens are often referred to as male hormones, but are present in both men and women, and have been linked to performance in other domains, such as sports and entrepreneurship. National‐level empirical data on scientific productivity, in terms of numbers of publications, and science Nobel laureates were compared to seven national‐level androgen indicators; namely androgenic body hair, the length of the CAG repeat on the androgen receptor gene, prostate cancer incidence, male and female 2D:4D finger ratio, and sex frequency and number of partners. The majority of these indicators were associated in the expected direction with per capita number of scientific publications and Nobel prizes. Moreover, several indicators significantly interacted with national‐level estimates of intelligence, such that androgen levels are related to measures of the scientific achievement only when the level of intelligence is relatively high. These findings may partly explain the global distribution of scientific productivity, achievements, and Nobel prizes.
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| 6. |
- van der Linden, Dimitri, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in brain size and general intelligence (g)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 63, s. 78-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilizing MRI and cognitive tests data from the Human Connectome project (N = 900), sex differences in general intelligence (g) and molar brain characteristics were examined. Total brain volume, cortical surface area, and white and gray matter correlated 0.1-0.3 with g for both sexes, whereas cortical thickness and gray/white matter ratio showed less consistent associations with g. Males displayed higher scores on most of the brain characteristics, even after correcting for body size, and also scored approximately one fourth of a standard deviation higher on g. Mediation analyses and the Method of Correlated Vectors both indicated that the sex difference in g is mediated by general brain characteristics. Selecting a subsample of males and females who were matched on g further suggest that larger brains, on average, lead to higher g, whereas similar levels of g do not necessarily imply equal brain sizes.
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