| 1. |
- Kukkonen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Shipping Emissions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Springer Proceedings in Complexity. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2213-8684 .- 2213-8692. ; , s. 329-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a new concept for marine research, applied in the EU-funded project EMERGE, “Evaluation, control and Mitigation of the EnviRonmental impacts of shippinG Emissions” (2020–2024; https://emerge-h2020.eu/ ). For the first time, both the various marine and atmospheric impacts of the shipping sector have been and will be comprehensively analyzed, using a concerted modelling and measurements framework. The experimental part of the project focuses on five European geographical case studies in different ecologically vulnerable regions, and a mobile onboard case study. The EMERGE consortium has also developed a harmonised and integrated modelling framework to assess the combined impacts of shipping emissions, both (i) on the marine ecosystems and (ii) the atmospheric environment. The first results include substantial refinements of a range of models to be applied, especially those for the STEAM and OpenDrift models. In particular, the STEAM (Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model) model has been extended to allow for the effects of atmospheric and oceanographic factors on the fuel consumption and emissions of the ships. The OpenDrift model has been improved to take into account the partitioning, degradation, and volatilization of pollutants in water. The predicted emission and discharge values have been used as input for both regional scale atmospheric dispersion models, such as WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting—Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) and SILAM (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric composition), and water quality and circulation models, such as OpenDrift (Open source model for the drifting of substances in the ocean) and Delft3D (oceanographic model). The case study regions are Eastern Mediterranean, Northern Adriatic Sea, the Lagoon of Aveiro, the Solent Strait and the Öresund Strait. We have also conducted a substantial part of the experimental campaigns scheduled in the project. The final assessment will include the benefits and costs of control and mitigation options affecting water quality, air pollution exposure, health impacts, climate forcing, and ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of pollutants in marine biota.
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| 2. |
- Picone, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) discharge waters on planktonic biological indicators
- 2023
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems (EGCS), operating in open-loop mode, continuously release acidic effluents (scrubber waters) to marine waters. Furthermore, scrubber waters contain high concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkylated PAHs, potentially affecting the plankton in the receiving waters. Toxicity tests evidenced significant impairments in planktonic indicators after acute, early-life stage, and long-term exposures to scrubber water produced by a vessel operating with high sulphur fuel. Acute effects on bacterial bioluminescence (Aliivibrio fischeri), algal growth (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta), and copepod survival (Acartia tonsa) were evident at 10 % and 20 % scrubber water, while larval development in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) showed a 50 % reduction at ∼5 % scrubber water. Conversely, larval development and reproductive success of A. tonsa were severely affected at scrubber water concentrations ≤1.1 %, indicating the risk of severe impacts on copepod populations which in turn may result in impairment of the whole food web.
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| 3. |
- Rehammar, Robert, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Optical properties of carbon nanofiber photonic crystals
- 2010
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Ingår i: NANOTECHNOLOGY. - : Institute of Physics; 1999. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 21:46, s. 465203-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are used as components of planar photonic crystals. Square and rectangular lattices and random patterns of vertically aligned CNFs were fabricated and their properties studied using ellipsometry. We show that detailed information such as symmetry directions and the band structure of these novel materials can be extracted from considerations of the polarization state in the specular beam. The refractive index of the individual nanofibers was found to be n(CNF) = 4.1.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Leif, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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ALOS PALSAR calibration and validation activities in Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of The First Joint PI Symposium of ALOS Data Nodes for ALOS Science Program in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, 19 - 23 November, 2007. - 1349-113X. - 9784906653041 ; JAXA-SP-07-012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Leif, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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ALOS PALSAR Calibration and Validation Results from Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2007), Barcelona, Spain, July 23-27, 2007. ; DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423115, s. 1589-1592
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2006 calibration activities for ALOS PALSAR wereconducted in Sweden. Four five-metre trihedral corner reflectorsand three smaller dihedral reflectors were deployed and operatedduring eight months. 23 PALSAR scenes were acquired over thecalibration site allowing an evaluation of the quality and temporalstability of the data. Results show that the co-polarized datahave been stable during the whole calibration period with variationsin the trihedral responses lower than 0.7 dB. The measuredresolution in azimuth was 4.4 m and in slant range 4.7 m forsingle polarization images and 9.5 m for polarimetric data. Forthe cross-polarized data large variations in the dihedral responseswere found. It is assumed that this is caused by a larger sensitivityto pointing errors. For the polarimetric data, estimation ofFaraday rotation gave values ranging from 0.1º to 3º.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Leif, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Stem volume estimation for boreal forest using ALOS PALSAR
- 2007
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Ingår i: 5th International Symposium on Retrieval of Bio- and Geophysical Parameters from SAR Data for Land Applications, Bari, Italy, September 25-28, 2007, ESA, Istituto di Studi sui Sistemi Intelligenti per l´Automazione. ; , s. CD-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An evaluation of ALOS PALSAR data for standwise forest stem volume estimation has been performed at a Swedish test site. The site is dominated by coniferous tree species. SAR data from three operational PALSAR modes, including single, dual and quad polarization, have been analyzed. In total, images from 18 different dates were included. Altogether, 56 forest stands with stem volume in the range of 45-650 m3 ha-1 (average 325 m3 ha-1) were analyzed by relating backscatter intensity to field data. The estimation accuracy of stem volume at stand level was calculated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE). For the best case investigated an RMSE of 30% was obtained for one of the single polarization images acquired in the winter season. In this case no saturation was observed for high stem volumes. The corresponding RMSEs for the dual and quad polarization images were between 62%, and 81%. The better results for single polarization might be explained by particularly favourable weather conditions at image acquisition. An extended evaluation will be performed to verify the cause.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Fransson, J.E.S., et al.
(författare)
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Detection of clear-cuts using ALOS PALSAR satellite images
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, EUSAR. - 2197-4403. ; 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to make a first evaluation of the possibilities to detect forest clear-cuts using high-resolution ALOS PALSAR FBD (Fine Beam Dual polarization) satellite images. New operational applications for mapping of changes in forest cover are of interest for government authorities in Sweden and in other countries with similar needs. The study was conducted in southern Sweden and included seven old coniferous stands located on flat terrain. Three of the stands were clear-felled and the remaining stands were left untreated for reference. Altogether, six PALSAR FBD images (look angle 34.3°, HH- and HV-polarization) acquired during the summer and fall seasons were analyzed. The difference in backscattering coefficient between the reference and the clear-felled stands was on average 2.4 dB and 2.9 dB for the HH- and HV-polarization, respectively. When comparing the backscattering coefficient before and after clear-felling the drop was found to be 1.7 dB and 2.3 dB for the HH- and HV-polarization, respectively.
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| 9. |
- Fransson, J.E.S., et al.
(författare)
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Detection of forest changes using ALOS PALSAR satellite images
- 2007
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Ingår i: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2007), Barcelona, Spain, July 23-27, 2007. ; DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423308, s. 2330-2333
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A controlled experiment has been performed to quantify the ability to detect clear-cuts using ALOS PALSAR data. The experiment consisted of 8 old spruce dominated stands with a size of about 1.5 ha, located at a test site in southern Sweden. Four of the stands were clear-felled and the remaining stands were left untreated for reference. A time series of PALSAR images were acquired prior to, during, and after treatment, including 7 Fine Beam Single polarization (FBS, look angle 34.3°, HH-polarization) SAR images. The results clearly show that the clear-felled stands could be separated from the reference stands. The drop in backscattering coefficient between the reference and the clear-felled stands was on average 2.1 dB. This implies that ALOS PALSAR data potentially can be used for large-scale mapping of changes in forest cover.
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| 10. |
- Fransson, J.E.S., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping of Wind-Thrown Forests Using VHF/UHF SAR Images
- 2007
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Ingår i: IEEE 2007 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2007), Barcelona, Spain, July 23-27 2007. ; DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423313, s. 2350-2353
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SAR images from the Swedish airborne CARABAS-II and LORA systems have been visually analyzed over simulated wind-thrown forest at both single tree and stand level. In ideal conditions, the results show that LORA is more accurate than CARABAS-II at detecting wind-thrown trees, regardless of tree size and direction of the fallen trees relative to flight heading. Furthermore, the visible single trees in the LORA images appeared more distinct than in the CARABAS-II images, which could be explained by the high resolution in the LORA images. Based on visual interpretation, it is likely that the detection of wind-thrown forests could be improved using VHF/UHF SAR images acquired both prior to and after a storm event.
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