| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Wang, F., et al.
(författare)
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A comprehensive review on high-temperature fuel cells with carbon capture
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 275
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-temperature fuel cells and their hybrid systems represent one of the most promising technologies with high conversion efficiency. The configuration of such kind of system could facilitate an easy capture of CO2. Several novel CO2 capture strategies have been developed based on high-temperature fuel cells, such as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). However, related review which focus on their system integration and performance evaluation is still rare. The aim of this study is to improve interest in high-temperature fuel cell with CO2 capture by providing an overview of the status of such kind of cutting-edge technologies. To approach this goal, the major strategies and technologies for fuel cells and their hybrid system with CO2 capture have been reviewed. Simultaneously, the characteristics of fuel cell technologies are summarized and the technical and economic performance of the fuel cell with CO2 capture are explored and discussed as well. The existing challenges that required to be overcome in fuel cell with CO2 capture technology are highlighted with aspects on fuel cell module scale-up, cost, safety, reliability and capture energy, etc. Finally, opportunities for the future development of high-temperature fuel cell with CO2 capture technologies are discussed. The conclusion remarks of this investigation indicate that fuel cell integrating CO2 capture process is a promising route to sustainable future, and could even be more effective if fuel cell technology can be commercialized.
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| 3. |
- Wang, Ning, et al.
(författare)
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Suppressing the liquid product crossover in electrochemical CO2 reduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: SmartMat. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2688-819X. ; 2:1, s. 12-16
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coupling electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) with a renewable energy source to create high‐value fuels and chemicals is a promising strategy in moving toward a sustainable global energy economy. CO2R liquid products, such as formate, acetate, ethanol, and propanol, offer high volumetric energy density and are more easily stored and transported than their gaseous counterparts. However, a significant amount (~30%) of liquid products from electrochemical CO2R in a flow cell reactor cross the ion exchange membrane, leading to the substantial loss of system‐level Faradaic efficiency. This severe crossover of the liquid product has—until now—received limited attention. Here, we review promising methods to suppress liquid product crossover, including the use of bipolar membranes, solid‐state electrolytes, and cation‐exchange membranes‐based acidic CO2R systems. We then outline the remaining challenges and future prospects for the production of concentrated liquid products from CO2.
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| 4. |
- Du, Yong, et al.
(författare)
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Review of Highly Mismatched III-V Heteroepitaxy Growth on (001) Silicon
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 12:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Si-based group III-V material enables a multitude of applications and functionalities of the novel optoelectronic integration chips (OEICs) owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and compatibility with the mature Si CMOS process technology. To achieve high performance OEICs, the crystal quality of the group III-V epitaxial layer plays an extremely vital role. However, there are several challenges for high quality group III-V material growth on Si, such as a large lattice mismatch, highly thermal expansion coefficient difference, and huge dissimilarity between group III-V material and Si, which inevitably leads to the formation of high threading dislocation densities (TDDs) and anti-phase boundaries (APBs). In view of the above-mentioned growth problems, this review details the defects formation and defects suppression methods to grow III-V materials on Si substrate (such as GaAs and InP), so as to give readers a full understanding on the group III-V hetero-epitaxial growth on Si substrates. Based on the previous literature investigation, two main concepts (global growth and selective epitaxial growth (SEG)) were proposed. Besides, we highlight the advanced technologies, such as the miscut substrate, multi-type buffer layer, strain superlattice (SLs), and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO), to decrease the TDDs and APBs. To achieve high performance OEICs, the growth strategy and development trend for group III-V material on Si platform were also emphasized.
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| 5. |
- Feng, Yanyue, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Applications of anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays on the removal of aqueous contaminants of emerging concern: A review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 186
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in various water bodies and the associated threats to eco-system and human society have raised increasing concerns. To fight against such a problem, TiO2 photocatalysis is considered to be a powerful tool. In recent decades, TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) fabricated by electrochemical anodization emerged as a viable immobilized catalyst and its applications on CECs removal have gained a considerable amount of research interest. We herein present a critical review on the development of TNA and its applications on the removal of aqueous CECs. In this work, the CECs removal in different TNA based processes, the CECs removal mechanisms, the role of TNA properties, the role of operational parameters, and the role of water matrices are discussed. Moreover, perspectives on the current research progress are presented and recommendations on future research are elaborated.
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| 6. |
- Shah, Rameen, et al.
(författare)
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ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (ALG13-CDG) : Updated clinical and molecular review and clinical management guidelines
- 2024
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Ingår i: Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. - 1096-7192. ; 142:2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALG13-Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (CDG), is a rare X-linked CDG caused by pathogenic variants in ALG13 (OMIM 300776) that affects the N-linked glycosylation pathway. Affected individuals present with a predominantly neurological manifestation during infancy. Epileptic spasms are a common presenting symptom of ALG13-CDG. Other common phenotypes include developmental delay, seizures, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and hypotonia. Current management of ALG13-CDG is targeted to address patients’ symptoms. To date, less than 100 individuals have been reported with ALG13-CDG. In this article, an international group of experts in CDG reviewed all reported individuals affected with ALG13-CDG and suggested diagnostic and management guidelines for ALG13-CDG. The guidelines are based on the best available data and expert opinion. Neurological symptoms dominate the phenotype of ALG13-CDG where epileptic spasm is confirmed to be the most common presenting symptom of ALG13-CDG in association with hypotonia and developmental delay. We propose that ACTH/prednisolone treatment should be trialed first, followed by vigabatrin, however ketogenic diet has been shown to have promising results in ALG13-CDG. In order to optimize medical management, we also suggest early cardiac, gastrointestinal, skeletal, and behavioral assessments in affected patients.
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