| 1. |
- Burkill, Sarah M., et al.
(författare)
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Pain and Painkiller Use Among Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1053-8569 .- 1099-1557. ; 26:Suppl. 2, s. 634-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which leads to demyelination and subsequent damage of axons and neurons. Pain is known to commonly affect MS patients, however the clinical characteristics of this pain are not fully described. Prescribed pain medication identifies more severe and chronic pain and different drug types can be used to identify other pain characteristics.Objectives: To assess whether MS patients in Sweden are at increased risk of receiving medication for pain relative to non-MS comparators. We aim to study overall pain, neuropathic pain, musculoskeletal pain and migraine.Methods: This cohort study using data on 5,555 MS patients in Sweden individually matched to 5,555 non-MS Swedish residents on sex, year of birth and place of residence at the time of MS diagnosis. We used Cox PH models using date of entry or 1stJuly 2006 as the beginning of follow up, whichever occurred later, and end of study was date of death, date of prescription of a painkiller or December 31st 2014, whichever occurred first. Painkillers were identified through relevant ATC codes. For neuropathic pain, pregabalin, gabapentin, amitriptyline, capsaicin or nortriptyline were used for identification, and for migraine prescriptions of anti-migraine preparations were included in the outcome. Musculoskeletal pain was identified primarily through topical products for joint and muscular pain.Results: Cox PH models showed MS patients to be at a 2.43 (CI 2.31–2.55) times increased risk of being prescribed any painkiller. The risk increased to 5.63 (CI 5.03–6.31) for neuropathic painkillers, however there was no significant difference for musculoskeletal painkillers (RR = 0.92 (CI 0.79–1.07)). MS patients were at a 1.28 (CI 1.10-1.50) times increased risk of being prescribed anti-migraine preparations. Restricting the data to MS patients showed that exposure to neuropathic painkillers was present in 32.8% of MS patients, and is associated with lower educational attainment and female sex. Conclusions: MS patients are at significantly increased risk of pain overall, with a particularly elevated risk for neuropathic pain. It seems that lower educational attainment and female sex are risk factors of neuropathic pain. However, the reason for this is not fully understood.*We would like to acknowledge the funding from the Science for Life - Astra Zeneca collaborative grant that supported this research
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| 2. |
- Burkill, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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The association between multiple sclerosis and pain medications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Pain. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0304-3959 .- 1872-6623. ; 160:2, s. 424-432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at greater risk of pain than people without the disease; however, the occurrence and characteristics of pain among these patients are incompletely described. We aimed to assess characteristics of pain amongst MS patients using MS patients who were recruited to participate in 3 studies in Sweden (n = 3877) and were matched with individuals without MS (n = 4548) by sex, year of birth, and region of residence. The Prescribed Drugs Register identified prescribed pain medication, overall and restricted to those given 4 or more prescriptions in 1 year to assess chronic pain. Anatomical therapeutic chemical codes classified whether pain was neuropathic, musculoskeletal, or migraine. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to estimate associations. Our findings showed patients with MS were at increased risk of pain treatment, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.52 (95% confidence interval 2.38-2.66). The largest magnitude HR was for neuropathic pain (5.73, 5.07-6.47) for which 34.2% (n = 1326) of the MS and 7.15% (n = 325) of the non-MS cohort were prescribed a treatment. The HR for chronic pain treatment was 3.55 (3.27-3.84), indicating an increased effect size relative to any pain treatment. Chronic neuropathic pain showed the largest HR at 7.43 (6.21-8.89). Neuropathic pain was shown to be the primary mechanism leading to increased risk of pain in patients with MS.
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| 3. |
- Burkill, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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The DQB1* 03:02 Genotype and Treatment for Pain in People With and Without Multiple Sclerosis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : Frontiers. - 1664-2295. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Murine models have demonstrated that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is associated with pain-like behavior in peripheral nerve injury, however, the same association has not been shown when considering injury to the central nervous system (CNS), which more closely mimics the damage to the CNS experienced by MS patients. Previous research has indicated the DQB1*03:02 allele of the class II HLA genes as being associated with development of neuropathic pain in persons undergoing inguinal hernia surgery or with lumbar spinal disk herniation. Whether this HLA allele plays a part in susceptibility to pain, has not, as far as we are aware, been previously investigated. This study utilizes information on DQB1*03:02 alleles as part of the EIMS, GEMS, and IMSE studies in Sweden. It also uses register data for 3,877 MS patients, and 4,548 matched comparators without MS, to assess whether the DQB1*03:02 allele is associated with prescribed pain medication use, and whether associations with this genotype differ depending on MS status. Our results showed no association between the DQB1*03:02 genotype and pain medication in MS patients, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 (95% CI 0.85-1.24). In contrast, there was a statistically significant association of low magnitude in individuals without MS [adjusted OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.35)], which provides support for HLA influence on susceptibility to pain in the general population. Additionally, the effect of zygosity was evident for the non-MS cohort, but not among MS patients, suggesting the DQB1*03:02 allele effect is modified by the presence of MS.
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| 4. |
- Montgomery, Scott, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Concussion in adolescence and risk of multiple sclerosis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annals of Neurology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0364-5134 .- 1531-8249. ; 82:4, s. 554-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To assess whether concussion in childhood or adolescence is associated with subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. Previous research suggests an association, but methodological limitations included retrospective data collection and small study populations.Methods: The national Swedish Patient Register (hospital diagnoses) and MS Register were used to identify all MS diagnoses up to 2012 among people born since 1964, when the Patient Register was established. The 7,292 patients with MS were matched individually with 10 people without MS by sex, year of birth, age/vital status at MS diagnosis, and region of residence (county), resulting in a study population of 80,212. Diagnoses of concussion and control diagnoses of broken limb bones were identified using the Patient Register from birth to age 10 years or from age 11 to 20 years. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations with MS.Results: Concussion in adolescence was associated with a raised risk of MS, producing adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.22 (1.05-1.42, p=0.008) and 2.33 (1.35-4.04, p=0.002) for 1 diagnosis of concussion and >1 diagnosis of concussion, respectively, compared with none. No notable association with MS was observed for concussion in childhood, or broken limb bones in childhood and adolescence.Interpretation: Head trauma in adolescence, particularly if repeated, is associated with a raised risk of future MS, possibly due to initiation of an autoimmune process in the central nervous system. This further emphasizes the importance of protecting young people from head injuries. Ann Neurol 2017;82:554-561
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Smith, Kelsi A., et al.
(författare)
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Hospital diagnosed pneumonia before age 20 years and multiple sclerosis risk
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ Neurology Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2632-6140. ; 2:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Respiratory inflammation has been proposed as a risk factor for MS. This study aims to determine if hospital-diagnosed pneumonia in adolescence (before age 20 years) is associated with subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS).Methods: This case-control study included incident MS cases after age 20 years identified using the Swedish national registers. Cases were matched with 10 general population controls by age, sex and region. Pneumonia diagnoses were identified between 0–5, 6–10, 11–15 and 16–20 years of age. Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for infectious mononucleosis (IM) and education calculated ORs with 95% CIs. Urinary tract infections (UTIs), a common complication of MS, before age 20 years were included as a control diagnosis for reverse causation.Results: There were 6109 cases and 49479 controls included. Pneumonia diagnosed between age 11–15 years was associated with subsequent MS (adj OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.27). Although not statistically significant, sensitivity analyses showed similar magnitude associations of pneumonia between age 11–15 years and MS. No statistically significant associations with MS for pneumonia at other age groups were observed. Adjustment for IM had no notable effect on associations, but was statistically significantly associated with MS. UTIs were not associated with MS.Conclusion: Pneumonia at 11–15 years of age was associated with MS, suggesting a possible role for inflammation of the respiratory system in the aetiology of MS during a period of susceptibility in adolescence. Further research on respiratory infections prior to MS onset should be conducted to replicate this finding and determine explanatory causal mechanisms
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| 7. |
- Smith, Kelsi A., et al.
(författare)
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Spasticity treatment patterns among people with multiple sclerosis : a Swedish cohort study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0022-3050 .- 1468-330X. ; 94:5, s. 337-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Spasticity is common among people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are few studies of spasticity treatment patterns. We aim to describe associations with spasticity treatment measured primarily by oral baclofen use.METHODS: This cohort study using Swedish registers included 1826 and 3519 people with incident and prevalent MS (pwIMS, pwPMS) respectively, followed from 2005 to 2014. Cox regression assessed factors associated with new baclofen prescriptions and its discontinuation.RESULTS: A total of 10% of pwIMS and 19% of pwPMS received baclofen, a drug prescribed specifically for spasticity in Sweden, of which many patients had relapsing-remitting course. Prescriptions occurred soon after MS diagnosis: pwIMS received baclofen typically within 6 months of diagnosis, and pwPMS within 3 years. Younger patients compared with older patients were three times more likely to receive baclofen with similar disability level measured using Expanded Disability Severity Scores (EDSS). Patients aged 18-44 years with EDSS 3.0-5.0 have an HR for baclofen use of 5.62 (95% CI 2.91 to 10.85) and EDSS 6+ have an HR of 15.41 (95% CI 7.07 to 33.58) compared with individuals with EDSS 0-2.5. In comparison, patients aged 45+ years with EDSS 3.0-5.0 have an HR of 2.05 (95% CI 1.10 to 3.82) and EDSS 6+ a hour 4.26 (95% CI 1.96 to 9.17). Baclofen discontinuation was high: 49% (95% CI 0.42 to 0.57) of pwIMS discontinued within 150 days of dispensation, 90% discontinued within 2 years including patients with progressive course or higher EDSS. Associations among pwPMS and sensitivity analyses including additional treatments were similar.CONCLUSIONS: Younger patients with MS are more likely to receive baclofen compared with older patients with MS. High rates of baclofen discontinuation highlight the need for more tolerable and efficacious spasticity treatments and monitoring of spasticity among people with MS.
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| 8. |
- Xu, Yin, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Higher body mass index at ages 16 to 20 years is associated with increased risk of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in subsequent adulthood among men
- 2021
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Ingår i: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - : Sage Publications. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970. ; 27:1, s. 147-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Evidence for the association between body mass index (BMI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) among men remains mixed.Objective and methods: Swedish military conscription and other registers identified MS after age of 20 years and BMI at ages 16-20 years (N = 744,548).Results: Each unit (kg/m(2)) BMI increase was associated with greater MS risk (hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval = 1.034, 1.016-1.053), independent of physical fitness (1.021, 1.001-1.042). Categorised, overweight and obesity were associated with statistically significant raised MS risk compared to normal weight, but not after adjustment for physical fitness.Conclusion: MS risk rises with increasing BMI, across the entire BMI range.
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