| 1. |
- Araujo, Hugo, et al.
(författare)
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A Process for Sound Conformance Testing of Cyber-Physical Systems
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW). - Los Alamitos, CA : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781509066766 - 9781509066773 ; , s. 46-50
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a process for sound conformance testing of cyber-physical systems, which involves functional but also non-functional aspects. The process starts with a hybrid model of cyber-physical systems in which the correct behavior of the system (at its interface level) is specified. Such a model captures both discrete behavior and evolution of continuous dynamics of the system in time. Since conformance testing inherently involves comparing continuous dynamics, the key parameters of the process are (1) the conformance bounds defining when two signals are sufficiently close to each other, and (2) the permitted error margin in the conformance analysis introduced by sampling of continuous signals. The final parameter of this process is (3) finding (and adjusting) the sampling rate of the dynamic behavior. In the specified process, we provide different alternatives for fixing the error margin of the conformance testing if the sampling rate is fixed, establishing the sampling rate if the error margin is fixed and finding conformance bounds once the sampling rate and the error margin are fixed. © 2017 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Araujo, Hugo, et al.
(författare)
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Sound conformance testing for cyber-physical systems : Theory and implementation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of Computer Programming. - Amsterdam : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0167-6423 .- 1872-7964. ; 162, s. 35-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conformance testing is a formal and structured approach to verifying system correctness. We propose a conformance testing algorithm for cyber-physical systems, based on the notion of hybrid conformance by Abbas and Fainekos. We show how the dynamics of system specification and the sampling rate play an essential role in making sound verdicts. We specify and prove error bounds that lead to sound test-suites for a given specification and a given sampling rate. We use reachability analysis to find such bounds and implement the proposed approach using the CORA toolbox in Matlab. We apply the implemented approach on a case study from the automotive domain.
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| 3. |
- Khakpour, Narges, et al.
(författare)
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Notions of Conformance Testing for Cyber-Physical Systems : Overview and Roadmap
- 2015
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Ingår i: 26th International Conference on Concurrency Theory. - Wadern : Dagstuhl Publishing. - 9783939897910 ; , s. 18-40
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- We review and compare three notions of conformance testing for cyber-physical systems. We begin with a review of their underlying semantic models and present conformance-preserving translations between them. We identify the differences in the underlying semantic models and the various design decisions that lead to these substantially different notions of conformance testing. Learning from this exercise, we reflect upon the challenges in designing an “ideal” notion of conformance for cyber-physical systems and sketch a roadmap of future research in this domain.
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| 4. |
- Mohaqeqi, Morteza, et al.
(författare)
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Sound Test-Suites for Cyber-Physical Systems
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE 2016). - Piscataway : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781509017645 - 9781509017652 ; , s. 42-48
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conformance testing is a formal and structured approach to verifying system correctness. We propose a conformance testing algorithm for cyber-physical systems, based on the notion of hybrid conformance by Abbas and Fainekos. We show how the dynamics of system specification and the sampling rate play an essential role in making sound verdicts. We specify and prove error bounds that lead to sound test-suites for a given specification and a given sampling rate. © 2016 IEEE.
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| 5. |
- Oliveira, Bruno, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of hybrid systems from natural-language requirements
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2017 13th IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781509067817 - 9781509067800 - 9781509067824 ; , s. 1320-1325
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyber-physical systems are characterised by a massive and tight interaction between computer systems and physical components. Hybrid systems provide an abstraction for modelling cyber-physical systems by featuring the integration of discrete and continuous behavioural aspects. Simulation is an important tool for validating hybrid system models, which are often too complex to be treated using other validation and verification techniques. Motivated by the industrial need for such tools, we propose a strategy (h-NAT2TEST) for simulation of hybrid systems from natural-language requirements. Using the proposed approach, one writes the system specification using a controlled natural language, from which an informal semantics is automatically inferred based on the case grammar theory. Then, a formal representation is built considering a model of hybrid data-flow reactive systems (h-DFRS). Finally, in order to allow for rigorous simulation, an Acumen specification is derived from the h-DFRS model. Simulation is supported by the Acumen modelling environment. A DC-DC boost converter is used as a case study to illustrate the overall approach. © 2017 IEEE.
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| 6. |
- Varshosaz, Mahsa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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A classification of product sampling for software product lines
- 2018
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Ingår i: SPLC '18 Proceedings of the 22nd International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume 1. - New York, NY : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450363716 - 9781450364645 ; , s. 1-13
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analysis of software product lines is challenging due to the potentially large number of products, which grow exponentially in terms of the number of features. Product sampling is a technique used to avoid exhaustive testing, which is often infeasible. In this paper, we propose a classification for product sampling techniques and classify the existing literature accordingly. We distinguish the important characteristics of such approaches based on the information used for sampling, the kind of algorithm, and the achieved coverage criteria. Furthermore, we give an overview on existing tools and evaluations of product sampling techniques. We share our insights on the state-of-the-art of product sampling and discuss potential future work. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.
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| 7. |
- Varshosaz, Mahsa, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Basic Behavioral Models For Software Product Lines : Revisited
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of Computer Programming. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0167-6423 .- 1872-7964. ; 168, s. 171-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Beohar et al. (2016) [9], we established an expressiveness hierarchy and studied the notions of refinement and testing for three fundamental behavioral models for software product lines. These models were featured transition systems, product line labeled transition systems, and modal transition systems. It turns out that our definition of product line labeled transition systems is more restrictive than the one introduced by Gruler, Leucker, and Scheidemann. Adopting the original and more liberal notion changes the expressiveness results, as we demonstrate in this paper. Namely, we show that the original notion of product line labeled transition systems and featured transition systems are equally expressive. As an additional result, we show that there are featured transition systems for which the size of the corresponding product line labeled transition system, resulting from any sound encoding, is exponentially larger than the size of the original model. Furthermore, we show that each product line labeled transition system can be encoded into a featured transition system, such that the size of featured transition system is linear in terms of the size of the corresponding model. To summarize, featured transition systems are equally expressive as, but exponentially more succinct than, product line labeled transition systems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
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| 8. |
- Varshosaz, Mahsa, 1985-
(författare)
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Modeling and Model-Based Testing of Software Product Lines
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Software product line (SPL) engineering has become common practice for mass production and customization of variability intensive systems. A software product line comprises a family of software systems which share a managed core set of artifacts and also have a set of well-defined variabilities. The main idea in SPL engineering is to enable systematic reuse in different phases of software development to reduce cost and time to release.Model-Based Testing (MBT) is a technique that is widely used for quality assurance of software systems. In MBT, an abstract model, which captures the desired behavior of the system, is used to generate test cases. The test cases are executed against a real implementation of the system and the conformance between the implementation and the specification is checked by comparing the observed outputs with the ones prescribed by the model.Software product lines have been applied in a number of domains with mission critical systems. MBT is one of the techniques that has been used for analysis of such systems. As the number of products can be potentially large in an SPL, using conventional approaches for MBT of the products of an SPL individually can be very costly and time consuming. To tackle this problem, several approaches have been proposed in order to enable systematic reuse in different phases of the MBT process.An efficient modeling technique is the first step towards an efficient MBT technique for SPLs. So far, several formalisms have been proposed for modeling SPLs. In this thesis, we conduct a study on such modeling techniques, focusing on four fundamental formalisms, namely featured transition systems, modal transition systems, product line calculus of communicating systems, and 1- selecting modal transition systems. We compare the expressive power and the succinctness of these formalisms.Furthermore, we investigate adapting existing MBT methods for efficient testing of SPLs. As a part of this line of our research, we adapt the test case generation algorithm of one of the well-known black-box testing approaches, namely, Harmonized State Identification (HSI) method by exploiting the idea of delta-oriented programming. We apply the adapted test case generation algorithm to a case study taken from industry and the results show up to 50 percent reduction of time in test case generation by using the delta-oriented HSI method.In line with our research on investigating existing MBT techniques, we compare the relative efficiency and effectiveness of the test case generation algorithms of the well-known Input-Output Conformance (ioco) testing approach and the complete ioco which is another testing technique used for input output transition systems that guarantees fault coverage. The comparison is done using three case studies taken from the automotive and railway domains. The obtained results show that complete ioco is more efficient in detecting deep faults (i.e., the faults reached through longer traces) in large state spaces while ioco is more efficient in detecting shallow faults (i.e., the faults reached through shorter traces) in small state spaces.Moreover, we conduct a survey on sampling techniques, which have been proposed as a solution for handling the large number of products in analysis. In general, in product sampling a subset of products that collectively cover the behavior of the product line are selected. Performing tests on well selected sample set can reveal most of the faults in all products. We provide a classification for a catalog of studies on product sampling for software product lines. Additionally, we present a number of insights on the studied work as well as gaps for the future research.
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