| 1. |
- Ibanez, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Damage to tropical forests caused by cyclones is driven by wind speed but mediated by topographical exposure and tree characteristics
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 30:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Each year, an average of 45 tropical cyclones affect coastal areas and potentially impact forests. The proportion of the most intense cyclones has increased over the past four decades and is predicted to continue to do so. Yet, it remains uncertain how topographical exposure and tree characteristics can mediate the damage caused by increasing wind speed. Here, we compiled empirical data on the damage caused by 11 cyclones occurring over the past 40 years, from 74 forest plots representing tropical regions worldwide, encompassing field data for 22,176 trees and 815 species. We reconstructed the wind structure of those tropical cyclones to estimate the maximum sustained wind speed (MSW) and wind direction at the studied plots. Then, we used a causal inference framework combined with Bayesian generalised linear mixed models to understand and quantify the causal effects of MSW, topographical exposure to wind (EXP), tree size (DBH) and species wood density (ρ) on the proportion of damaged trees at the community level, and on the probability of snapping or uprooting at the tree level. The probability of snapping or uprooting at the tree level and, hence, the proportion of damaged trees at the community level, increased with increasing MSW, and with increasing EXP accentuating the damaging effects of cyclones, in particular at higher wind speeds. Higher ρ decreased the probability of snapping and to a lesser extent of uprooting. Larger trees tended to have lower probabilities of snapping but increased probabilities of uprooting. Importantly, the effect of ρ decreasing the probabilities of snapping was more marked for smaller than larger trees and was further accentuated at higher MSW. Our work emphasises how local topography, tree size and species wood density together mediate cyclone damage to tropical forests, facilitating better predictions of the impacts of such disturbances in an increasingly windier world.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kyrø, Cecilie, et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort
- 2014
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 111:10, s. 1881-1890
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whole-grain intake has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of several lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and some types of cancers. As measurement errors in self-reported whole-grain intake assessments can be substantial, dietary biomarkers are relevant to be used as complementary tools for dietary intake assessment. Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids found almost exclusively in whole-grain wheat and rye products among the commonly consumed foods and are considered as valid biomarkers of the intake of these products. In the present study, we analysed the plasma concentrations of five AR homologues in 2845 participants from ten European countries from a nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. High concentrations of plasma total AR were found in participants from Scandinavia and Central Europe and lower concentrations in those from the Mediterranean countries. The geometric mean plasma total AR concentrations were between 35 and 41nmol/l in samples drawn from fasting participants in the Central European and Scandinavian countries and below 23nmol/l in those of participants from the Mediterranean countries. The whole-grain source (wheat or rye) could be determined using the ratio of two of the homologues. The main source was wheat in Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK, whereas rye was also consumed in considerable amounts in Germany, Denmark and Sweden. The present study demonstrates a considerable variation in the plasma concentrations of total AR and concentrations of AR homologues across ten European countries, reflecting both quantitative and qualitative differences in the intake of whole-grain wheat and rye.
|
|
| 3. |
- Dunstan, R. H., et al.
(författare)
-
Sweat facilitated losses of amino acids in Standardbred horses and the application of supplementation strategies to maintain condition during training
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Comparative Exercise Physiology. - : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 1755-2540 .- 1755-2559. ; 11:4, s. 201-212
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the amino acid composition of horse sweat, but significant fluid losses can occur during exercise with the potential to facilitate substantial nutrient losses. Sweat and plasma amino acid compositions for Standardbred horses were assessed to determine losses during a standardised training regime. Two cohorts of horses 2013 (n=5) and 2014 (n=6) were assessed to determine baseline levels of plasma and sweat amino acids. An amino acid supplement designed to counter losses in sweat during exercise was provided after morning exercise daily for 5 weeks (2013, n=5; 2014, n=4). After the supplementation period, blood and sweat samples were collected to assess amino acid composition changes. From baseline assessments of sweat in both cohorts, it was found that serine, glutamic acid, histidine and phenylalanine were present at up to 9 times the corresponding plasma concentrations and aspartic acid at 0-2.2 mu mol/l in plasma was measured at 154-262 mu mol/l in sweat. In contrast, glutamine, asparagine, methionine and cystine were conserved in the plasma by having lower concentrations in the sweat. The predominant plasma amino acids were glycine, glutamine, alanine, valine, serine, lysine and leucine. As the sweat amino acid profile did not simply reflect plasma composition, it was proposed that mechanisms exist to generate high concentrations of certain amino acids in sweat whilst selectively preventing the loss of others. The estimated amino acid load in 16 l of circulating plasma was 3.8-4.3 g and the calculated loss via sweat during high intensity exercise was 1.6-3.0 g. Following supplementation, total plasma amino acid levels from both cohorts increased from initial levels of 2,293 and 2,044 mu mol/l to post-supplementation levels of 2,674 and 2,663 mu mol/l respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the strategy of providing free amino acids immediately after exercise resulted in raising resting plasma amino acid levels.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Kyrø, Cecilie, et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma Alkylresorcinols, Biomarkers of Whole-Grain Wheat and Rye Intake, and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 106:1, s. djt352-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Few studies have investigated the association between whole-grain intake and colorectal cancer. Because whole-grain intake estimation might be prone to measurement errors, more objective measures (eg, biomarkers) could assist in investigating such associations. Methods The association between alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain rye and wheat intake, and colorectal cancer incidence were investigated using prediagnostic plasma samples from colorectal cancer case patients and matched control subjects nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. We included 1372 incident colorectal cancer case patients and 1372 individual matched control subjects and calculated the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for overall and anatomical subsites of colorectal cancer using conditional logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Regional differences (Scandinavia, the Mediterranean, Central Europe) were also explored. Results High plasma total alkylresorcinol concentration was associated with lower incidence of distal colon cancer; the adjusted incidence rate ratio of distal colon cancer for the highest vs lowest quartile of plasma total alkylresorcinols was 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28 to 0.83). An inverse association between plasma total alkylresorcinol concentrations and colon cancer was found for Scandinavian participants (IRR per doubling = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.98). However, plasma total alkylresorcinol concentrations were not associated with overall colorectal cancer, proximal colon cancer, or rectal cancer. Plasma alkylresorcinols concentrations were associated with colon and distal colon cancer only in Central Europe and Scandinavia (ie, areas where alkylresorcinol levels were higher). Conclusions High concentrations of plasma alkylresorcinols were associated with a lower incidence of distal colon cancer but not with overall colorectal cancer, proximal colon cancer, and rectal cancer.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
