| 1. |
- Ekelund, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 92:1, s. 98-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT: Early postnatal life has been suggested as an important window during which risks for long-term health may be influenced. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the independent associations between weight gain during infancy (0-6 months) and early childhood (3-6 yr) with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study (The Stockholm Weight Development Study). SETTING: The study was conducted in a general community. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects included 128 (54 males) singletons, followed from birth to 17 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: None of these young adults met the full criteria for the metabolic syndrome. We therefore calculated a continuous clustered metabolic risk score by averaging the standardized values of the following components: waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and insulin level. RESULTS: Clustered metabolic risk at age 17 yr was predicted by weight gain during infancy (standardized beta = 0.16; P < 0.0001) but not during early childhood (standardized beta = 0.10; P = 0.23), adjusted for birth weight, gestational age, current height, maternal fat mass, and socioeconomic status at age 17 yr. Further adjustment for current fat mass and weight gain during childhood did not alter the significant association between infancy weight gain with the metabolic risk score (standardized beta = 0.20; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid weight gain during infancy (0-6 months) but not during early childhood (3-6 yr) predicted clustered metabolic risk at age 17 yr. Early interventions to moderate rapid weight gain even at very young ages may help to reduce adult cardiovascular disease risks.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Kari, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of a very low energy diet on moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea in obese men : a randomised controlled trial.
- 2009
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833 .- 0959-8138 .- 1468-5833. ; 339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of weight loss induced by a very low energy diet on moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea in obese men. Design Single centre, two arm, parallel, randomised, controlled, open label trial. Blocked randomisation procedure used for treatment allocation. Setting Outpatient obesity clinic in a university hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. Participants 63 obese men (body mass index 30-40, age 30-65 years) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea (apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) >or=15), treated with continuous positive airway pressure.INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group received a liquid very low energy diet (2.3 MJ/day) for seven weeks to promote weight loss, followed by two weeks of gradual introduction of normal food, reaching 6.3 MJ/day at week 9. The control group adhered to their usual diet during the nine weeks of follow-up.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: AHI, the major disease severity index for obstructive sleep apnoea. Data from all randomised patients were included in an intention to treat analysis (baseline carried forward for missing data). Results Of the 63 eligible patients, 30 were randomised to intervention and 33 to control. Two patients in the control group were dissatisfied with allocation and immediately discontinued. All other patients completed the trial. Both groups had a mean AHI of 37 events/h (SD 15) at baseline. At week 9, the intervention group's mean body weight was 20 kg (95% confidence interval 18 to 21) lower than that of the control group, while its mean AHI was 23 events/h (15 to 30) lower. In the intervention group, five of 30 (17%) were disease free after the energy restricted diet (AHI <5), with 15 of 30 (50%) having mild disease (AHI 5-14.9), whereas the AHI of all patients in the control group except one remained at 15 or higher. In a subgroup analysis of the intervention group, baseline AHI significantly modified the effectiveness of treatment, with a greater improvement in AHI in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea (AHI >30) at baseline compared with those with moderate (AHI 15-30) sleep apnoea (AHI -38 v -12, P<0.001), despite similar weight loss (-19.2 v -18.2 kg, P=0.55). Conclusion Treatment with a low energy diet improved obstructive sleep apnoea in obese men, with the greatest effect in patients with severe disease. Long term treatment studies are needed to validate weight loss as a primary treatment strategy for obstructive sleep apnoea.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN70090382.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Kari, et al.
(författare)
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Longer term effects of very low energy diet on obstructive sleep apnoea in cohort derived from randomised controlled trial : prospective observational follow-up study.
- 2011
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ. - 1756-1833 .- 0959-8138 .- 1468-5833. ; 342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To determine whether initial improvements in obstructive sleep apnoea after a very low energy diet were maintained after one year in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea.DESIGN: Single centre, prospective observational follow-up study.SETTING: Outpatient obesity clinic in a university hospital in Stockholm, Sweden.PARTICIPANTS: 63 men aged 30-65 with body mass index (BMI) 30-40 and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea defined as an apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥ 15 (events/hour), all treated with continuous positive airway pressure.INTERVENTION: A one year weight loss programme, consisting of an initial very low energy diet for nine weeks (seven weeks of 2.3 MJ/day and two weeks of gradual introduction of normal food) followed by a weight loss maintenance programme.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Apnoea-hypopnoea index, the main index for severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. Data from all patients were analysed (baseline carried forward for missing data).RESULTS: Of 63 eligible patients, 58 completed the very low energy diet period and started the weight maintenance programme and 44 completed the full programme; 49 had complete measurements at one year. At baseline the mean apnoea-hypopnoea index was 36 events/hour. After the very low energy diet period, apnoea-hypopnoea index was improved by -21 events/hour (95% confidence interval -17 to -25) and weight by -18 kg (-16 to -19; both P<0.001). After one year the apnoea-hypopnoea index had improved by -17 events/hour (-13 to -21) and body weight by -12 kg (-10 to -14) compared with baseline (both P<0.001). Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea at baseline had greater improvements in apnoea-hypopnoea index (-25 events/hour) compared with patients with moderate disease (-7 events/hour, P<0.001). At one year, 30/63 (48%, 95% confidence interval 35% to 60%) no longer required continuous positive airway pressure and 6/63 (10%, 2% to 17%) had total remission of obstructive sleep apnoea (apnoea-hypopnoea index <5 events/hour). There was a dose-response association between weight loss and apnoea-hypopnoea index at follow-up (β = 0.50 events/kg, 0.11 to 0.88; P = 0.013).CONCLUSION: Initial improvements in obstructive sleep apnoea after treatment with a very low energy diet can be maintained after one year in obese men with moderate to severe disease. Those who lose the most weight or have severe sleep apnoea at baseline benefit most. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials 70090382.
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| 4. |
- Nordström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Postpubertal development of total and abdominal percentage body fat : an 8-year longitudinal study.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Obesity. - : Wiley. - 1930-7381. ; 16:10, s. 2342-2347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to describe postpubertal changes in total and abdominal adiposity in young men and the relation to changes in physical activity (PA). The study included 107 white men with a mean age of 17.1 +/- 1.7 years at baseline. Total percentage body fat (%BF) and abdominal percentage body fat (abd%BF) were measured at baseline and after a mean time of 28, 68, and 92 months using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). PA (h/week) was assessed at each visit by questionnaire. Over the study period, significant increases of 7.8 +/- 5.5%BF and 9.0 +/- 5.6 abd%BF were observed. Subjects who were active athletes throughout the study (n = 24), or nonathletes not changing their level of PA during follow-up (n = 27) increased 5.7 +/- 3.2 and 8.1 +/- 6.7%BF, respectively. Athletes who quit organized training during follow-up period (n = 56) increased by 8.7 +/- 4.9%BF. In the total cohort, the average annual gains in BMI, %BF, and abd%BF were 0.4 kg/m(2), 0.9%BF, and 1.1abd%BF (all P < 0.0001), respectively. Adjustment for changes in PA altered the coefficient magnitudes only marginally. Changes in PA were, however, significantly and inversely associated with changes in %BF and abd%BF (P = 0.005 and P = 0.02, respectively), but were not significantly associated with BMI development (P = 0.15). In summary, our results indicate that the natural course of adiposity development in postpubertal men is characterized by adiposity gains. The influence of PA on especially abd%BF may influence the future risk of cardiovascular disease.
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