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| 2. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
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He is not more persuasive than her: No gender biases toward robots giving speeches
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450360135 ; , s. 327-328
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reported study investigated three gender-related effects on the rated persuasiveness of a speech given by a humanoid robot: (1) the female or male gendered voice and visual appearance of the robot, (2) the female or male gender of the participant, and (3) the interaction between robot gender and participant gender. The study employed a measure of persuasiveness based on the Aristotelian modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos and logos. In contrast to previous studies on gender bias toward intelligent virtual agents and robots, the gender of the robot did not influence the rated persuasiveness of the speech, and female participants rated the speech as more persuasive than men overall.
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| 3. |
- Winslott Hiselius, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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En rättvis omställning av transportsystemet : - En analys av de sociala effekterna av styrmedel för minskade klimatutsläpp
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dagens planeringssystem är uppdelat på många aktörer och har traditionellt drivits av fokus på prognoser, kostnadseffektivitet, och samhällsekonomisk lönsamhet. Klimatutmaningen ställer delvis helt nya krav på planeringen, med ett fokus på att utveckla styrmedel som på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt leder till de utsläppsminskningar som behövs. I detta behövs en större uppmärksamhet på de sociala effekterna av styrmedlen, liksom på rättviseaspekter. Detta innebär att vi behöver en ökad känslighet för hur styrmedel påverkar olika grupper av människor, baserat på t.ex. kön, ålder, inkomst och geografi. I projektet vidareutvecklas och testas två metoder för att utvärdera strategier för fossilfria transporter. Dels en systematisk ramverksanalys av styrmedel utifrån sociala effekter och fördelningseffekter, dels Mobility labs där en informerad dialog förs i fokusgruppsform med de som berörs av omställningen med syfte att tillsammans utforma styrmedelspaket som säkrar en hållbar tillgänglighet i det fossilfria samhället. Mobility labs har i projektet testats i Örebro, Odensbacken och Hällefors. Resultatet indikerar att det i dagens debatt saknas tydliga visioner för fossilfria transporter på landsbygden samt att debatten visar på bristande förståelse för hur en omställning kommer att påverka boende där. Resultatet indikerar vidare att det behövs kompletterande strategier för att se till att människor på landsbygden inte lämnas utanför omställningen och för att öka legitimiteten för styrmedel och åtgärder. Några exempel kan vara en förändrad roll för kollektivtrafiken, så att den inte bara syftar till att öka volymerna i starka stråk utan även bidrar till att alla har en tillräckligt god service, samt styrmedel som bidrar till att kompensera för ökade kostnader med bil på landsbygd.
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| 4. |
- Werner, Stefanie, et al.
(författare)
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Harm caused by Marine Litter
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marine litter is a global concern with a range of problems associated to it, as recognised by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Marine litter can impact organisms at different levels of biological organization and habitats in a number of ways namely: through entanglement in, or ingestion of, litter items by individuals, resulting in death and/or severe suffering; through chemical and microbial transfer; as a vector for transport of biota and by altering or modifying assemblages of species. Marine litter is a threat not only to marine species and ecosystems but also carries a risk to human health and has significant implications to human welfare, impacting negatively vital economic sectors such as tourism, fisheries, aquaculture or energy supply and bringing economic losses to individuals, enterprises and communities. This technical report aims to provide clear insight about the major negative impacts from marine litter by describing the mechanisms of harm. Further it provides reflexions about the evidence for harm from marine litter to biota comprising the underlying aspect of animal welfare while also considering the socioeconomic effects, including the influence of marine litter on ecosystem services. General conclusions highlight that understanding the risks and uncertainties with regard to the harm caused by marine litter is closely associated with the precautionary principle. The collected evidence in this report can be regarded as a supporting step to define harm and to provide an evidence base for the various actions needed to be implemented by decision-makers. This improved knowledge about the scale of the harmful effects of marine litter will further support EU Member States (MSs) and Regional Seas Conventions (RSCs) to implement their programme of measures, regional action plans and assessments.
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| 5. |
- Mendoza, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Image analysis of PDMS/ZnO nanocomposite surfaces for optimized superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surface design
- 2023
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Ingår i: Surfaces and Interfaces. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2468-0230. ; 37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimized superhydrophobic and self-cleaning nanocomposite surfaces were obtained by spraying surface modified ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) onto PDMS, using octadecylphosphonic acid and octadecanethiol as hydrophobic modifiers. In this study, it is the first time to our knowledge that surface parameters such as topography, morphology, superhydrophobicity, and self-cleaning are correlated to particle surface distribution and agglomeration parameters obtained by image analysis. The topography, morphology, and wettability of the surfaces were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, static contact angle (SCA), and contact angle hysteresis measurements. Image analysis was performed using the new enhanced graphical user interface of a previously self-developed Matlab® algorithm. Both hydrophobization methodologies increased the NPs’ surface coverage and the hierarchical rough structure formation on the substrates, resulting in more homogenous superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces. A higher coated fraction and lower degree of interconnected uncoated PDMS paths are correlated to an increase in SCA. The combination of a higher agglomerates fraction, lower agglomerate radius, and lower distance between agglomerates obtained for the surfaces with hydrophobized ZnO-NPs rendered self-cleaning surfaces. The observed correlations increase the understanding of the design and modelling of superhydrophobic self-cleaning PDMS/ZnO nanocomposite surfaces for use in high voltage outdoor insulators.
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| 6. |
- Ahlström, Christer, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of driver sleepiness on fixation-related brain potentials
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 29:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of driver sleepiness are often quantified as deteriorated driving performance, increased blink durations and high levels of subjective sleepiness. Driver sleepiness has also been associated with increasing levels of electroencephalogram (EEG) power, especially in the alpha range. The present exploratory study investigated a new measure of driver sleepiness, the EEG fixation-related lambda response. Thirty young male drivers (23.6 +/- 1.7 years old) participated in a driving simulator experiment in which they drove on rural and suburban roads in simulated daylight versus darkness during both the daytime (full sleep) and night-time (sleep deprived). The results show lower lambda responses during night driving and with longer time on task, indicating that sleep deprivation and time on task cause a general decrement in cortical responsiveness to incoming visual stimuli. Levels of subjective sleepiness and line crossings were higher under the same conditions. Furthermore, results of a linear mixed-effects model showed that low lambda responses are associated with high subjective sleepiness and more line crossings. We suggest that the fixation-related lambda response can be used to investigate driving impairment induced by sleep deprivation while driving and that, after further refinement, it may be useful as an objective measure of driver sleepiness.
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| 7. |
- Arvidsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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The Difference in Subjective Experience Related to Acoustic Treatments in an Ordinary Public Room : A Case Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acoustics. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-599X. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In ordinary public rooms absorbent ceilings are normally used. However, reflective material such as diffusers can also be useful to improve the acoustic performance for this type of environment. In this study, different combinations of absorbers and diffusers have been used. The study investigates whether a test group of 29 people perceived sound in an ordinary room differently depending on the type of treatment. Comparisons of the same position in a room for different configurations as well as different positions within one configuration were made. The subjective judgements were compared to the room acoustic measures T20, C50 and G and the difference in the values of these parameters. It was found that when evaluating the different positions in a room, the configuration including diffusers was perceived to a greater extent as being similar in the different positions in the room when compared to the configuration with absorbers on the walls. It was also seen that C50 was the parameter that mainly affected the perception, with the difference needing to be 2 dB to recognize a difference. However, the room acoustic measurements could not fully explain the differences obtained in perception. In addition, the subjective sound image created by different types of treatments was also shown to have an important impact on the perception.
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| 8. |
- Arvidsson, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect on Room Acoustical Parameters Using a Combination of Absorbers and Diffusers : An Experimental Study in a Classroom
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acoustics. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-599X. ; 2:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several room acoustic parameters have to be considered in ordinary public rooms, such as offices and classrooms, in order to present the actual conditions, thus increasing demands on the acoustic treatment. The most common acoustical treatment in ordinary rooms is a suspended absorbent ceiling. Due to the non-uniform distribution of the absorbent material, the classical diffuse field assumption is not fulfilled in such cases. Further, the sound scattering effect of non-absorbing objects such as furniture are considerable in these types of rooms. Even the directional characteristic of the sound scattering objects are of importance. The sound decay curve in rooms with absorbent ceilings often demonstrate a double slope. Thus, it is not possible to use reverberation time as room parameter as a representative standalone acoustic measure. An evaluation that captures the true room acoustical conditions therefore needs supplementary parameters. The aim of this experimental study is to show how various acoustical treatments affect reverberation time T20, speech clarity C50 and sound strength G. The experiment was performed in a mock-up of a classroom. The results demonstrated how absorbers, diffusers and scattering objects influence room acoustical parameters. It is shown that to some extent the parameters can be adjusted individually by using different treatments or combination of treatments. This allows for the fine-tuning of the acoustical conditions, in order to fulfill the requirements for achieving a high-quality sound environment.
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| 9. |
- Atari Jabarzadeh, Sevil, et al.
(författare)
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Image Analysis Determination of the Influence of Surface Structure of Silicone Rubbers on Biofouling
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Polymer Science. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-9422 .- 1687-9430.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on how the texture of the silicone rubber material affects the distribution of microbial growth on the surface of materials used for high voltage insulation. The analysis of surface wetting properties showed that the textured surfaces provide higher receding contact angles and therefore lower contact angle hysteresis. The textured surfaces decrease the risk for dry band formation and thus preserve the electrical properties of the material due to a more homogeneous distribution of water on the surface, which, however, promotes the formation of more extensive biofilms. The samples were inoculated with fungal suspension and incubated in a microenvironment chamber simulating authentic conditions in the field. The extent and distribution of microbial growth on the textured and plane surface samples representing the different parts of the insulator housing that is shank and shed were determined by visual inspection and image analysis methods. The results showed that the microbial growth was evenly distributed on the surface of the textured samples but restricted to limited areas on the plane samples. More intensive microbial growth was determined on the textured samples representing sheds. It would therefore be preferable to use the textured surface silicone rubber for the shank of the insulator.
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| 10. |
- Klingegard, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers' Ability to Engage in a Non-Driving Related Task While in Automated Driving Mode in Real Traffic
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - 2169-3536 .- 2169-3536. ; 8, s. 221654-221668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engaging in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) while driving can be considered distracting and safety detrimental. However, with the introduction of highly automated driving systems that relieve drivers from driving, more NDRTs will be feasible. In fact, many car manufacturers emphasize that one of the main advantages with automated cars is that it "frees up time" for other activities while on the move. This paper investigates how well drivers are able to engage in an NDRT while in automated driving mode (i.e., SAE Level 4) in real traffic, via a Wizard of Oz platform. The NDRT was designed to be visually and cognitively demanding and require manual interaction. The results show that the drivers' attention to a great extent shifted from the road ahead towards the NDRT. Participants could perform the NDRT equally well as when in an office (e.g. correct answers, time to completion), showing that the performance did not deteriorate when in the automated vehicle. Yet, many participants indicated that they noted and reacted to environmental changes and sudden changes in vehicle motion. Participants were also surprised by their own ability to, with ease, disconnect from driving. The presented study extends previous research by identifying that drivers to a high extent are able to engage in a NDRT while in automated mode in real traffic. This is promising for future of automated cars ability to "free up time" and enable drivers to engage in non-driving related activities.
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