| 1. |
- Ericsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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New energy strategies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry - The role of national and EU climate and energy policies
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 39:3, s. 1439-1449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish pulp and paper industry has gone through a strategic change in its approach to electricity production and consumption over the past decade. This paper documents this reorientation, which includes increased on-site electricity production, investments and investment plans for wind power, and new partnerships concerning investments in electricity production assets. We also assess the extent to which these changes can be attributed to key energy and climate policies. Our analysis shows that this strategic reorientation has been driven by changes in the underlying economic conditions for the pulp and paper industry, in particular increases in the price of electricity following the Swedish energy market reform in 1996, and the introduction of the EU ETS. The scheme for tradable renewable electricity certificates, on the other hand, has provided a new source of income. While these market-based signals and responses are the most dominant drivers of strategic change, cognitive changes in the pulp and paper industry have also played a role in the strategic reorientation. The cognitive changes concerning the functioning of the electricity market, i.e. the pricing of electricity and influence of the EU ETS, have been particularly important in this regard.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid turns in European renewable energy policy: advocacy and framing of the proposed trading of guarantees of origin
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The EU has assumed ambitious targets and strategies for the promotion of renewable sources of energy (RES) binding to all its member states. This report examines the proposed EU-wide policy instrument designed to help achieve the targets on renewable electricity and heat - the trading of Guarantees of Origin (GO). It analyses the rise and fall of the GO trading proposal in the European policy-making machinery during 2007 and 2008. It first discusses its origins, key components and points of contention, and then examines key factors behind the policy development leading first to its development and subsequently to its probable abandonment in 2008. Addressing these factors, the report explores first the near-term policy-making process before and after the proposal on GO trading was tabled in January 2008, focusing on processes in the European bureaucracy and how they were influenced by different interest groups and member state governments. It then looks at how competing policy frames over time have shaped the GO debate. Results show how a strong internal market frame acted as a primary driving force in the Commission throughout the 2000s to promote the GO trading instrument. The subsequent deconstruction of the GO trading proposal can be largely attributed to a) the lack of a strong lobby in favour of GO among member states and interest groups, b) the accumulated experience with and institutionalisation of national RES support policy, and c) growing general political concerns among both member states and EU bodies for supply security, innovation and competitiveness. In the end, the fall of the GO trading instrument is indicative of how the underlying political dividing line between advocates of the European internal market and guardians of national interests has moved in favour of the latter in recent years.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Måns, et al.
(författare)
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The rise and fall of GO trading in European renewable energy policy: The role of advocacy and policy framing
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 37:11, s. 4454-4462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines policy processes surrounding the rise and fall of the proposed EU-wide policy instrument designed to help achieve EU´s renewable energy targets – the trading of Guarantees of Origin (GO). It discusses its origins and examines factors in the policy processes over time leading first to its development and then to its rejection. A first analysis looks at the near-term policy-making process before and after the proposal on GO trading in January 2008, focusing on the European law-making institutions and influences of interest groups and member state governments. It then takes a step back and looks over a longer time period at how competing policy frames have shaped the trading debate. Results show how a strong internal market frame acted as a primary driving force in the Commission to promote the GO trading instrument. The rejection of the GO trading proposal in the Council and Parliament can be largely attributed to the lack of a strong lobby in favour of GO, the accumulated experience with and institutionalisation of national RES support policies such as feed-in tariffs, and growing general political concerns for supply security and competitiveness. The framing analysis show that the rise and fall of GO trading embodies a classic conflict between the internal market and the member states’ wish to protect national interests.
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| 5. |
- Bauer, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
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Climate innovations in the plastic industry: Prospects for decarbonisation
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Plastics are efficient materials for many purposes, e.g. packaging and construction, but are also associated with significant problems. These span from littering in forests and oceans, toxicity of additives, to the fundamental dependence on fossil resource for the production of the plastic material. This report aims to give an overview of the challenges for decarbonisation of plastics, i.e. moving away from a dependency on fossil resources for the production. Firstly, it identifies different possible development pathways for the industry towards decarbonisation and the key arguments for and against these pathways – reduced use of plastics, recycled plastics, and bio-based plastics. Secondly, it presents an analysis of structural characteristics of the industry that affect the potential for low-carbon innovation. This includes identifying and understanding the potential that traditional as well as new types of agents have to affect the direction of development. The report presents decarbonisation initiatives and engagement throughout the system of plastics, i.e. not only by primary production firms but also by knowledge organisations, intermediary firms, consumer groups etc. As the development pathways are contested and challenged both on technological and other grounds, the issue of power becomes pressing. The formation and use of coalitions to support and/or counteract certain developments is important, as political regulation of this highly globalised and diffuse sector has previously been difficult. The interaction between geographical particularities and scales must be given due consideration. Finally, the aspect of materiality is a key concern for the development of a system of specific materials. This relates of course to the limits of different types of feedstocks and material properties, but also to other resources and their exploitation within a system that is deeply entrenched in a system with capital invested in technologies and facilities adapted for processing fossil resources into fuels, plastics, and other products. Despite the strong carbon lock-in that the plastics industry is in, the identified pathways show that there are possibilities for decarbonisation. New types of actors are creating pressure for the sector to move towards a future plastic sector that is both circular and independent of fossil resources.
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| 6. |
- Bauer, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
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Miljöforskare: ”Industrins klimatomställning måste gå snabbare”
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ny teknik. - 0550-8754.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DEBATT. Svensk industri tar flera lovande initiativ, men omställningen går alldeles för långsamt – och i vissa branscher märks den knappt alls, skriver sju miljöforskare.
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| 7. |
- Bauer, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
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Plastics and climate change breaking carbon lock-ins through three mitigation pathways
- 2022
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 5:4, s. 361-376
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The plastic industry is dependent on fossil fuels in various ways that result in strong “carbon lock-in” throughout the value chain and large and growing CO2 emissions. The industry must decarbonize to reach global net-zero pledges. Although a few initiatives have been launched, they primarily focus on plastic waste. Current research has investigated mitigation potential on different parts of the plastic value chain but remains in silos. Here, we review carbon lock-ins throughout the plastic value chain and identify possible mitigation pathways for each stage of the plastic life cycle. We show how lock-ins are stubbornly entrenched across the domains of production, markets, waste management, industry organization, and governance. Overcoming these carbon lock-ins and achieving zero-carbon targets for the sector by 2050 will require thorough systemic change to how plastics are produced, used, and recycled, including promotion of demand reduction strategies, bio-based feedstocks, and circular economy principles. Strict governance structures, enforceable regulation, and a new proactive and inclusive vision for the low-carbon transition are equally important.
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| 8. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Hållbara drivmedel - finns de?
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vårt syfte med denna rapport är att diskutera drivmedel från ett brett perspektiv ur hållbarhetssynpunkt. Biodrivmedel och el analyseras och jämförs med fossila drivmedel. Vår målsättning är att försöka peka ut under vilka förutsättningar som drivmedel kan anses försvarbara ur hållbarhetssynpunkt och vilka system som vi bör utveckla respektive vilka system som vi bör undvika. En övergripande slutsats i studien är att man inte kan fastställa hur hållbara biodrivmedel blir i framtiden utan att samtidigt beakta skala och tillväxttakt. Dagens biodrivmedel i Sverige är hållbara utifrån den aktuella produktionsvolymen och gynnar utvecklingen av nya drivmedelssystem, men man bör ställa hårda krav på energi- och klimateffektivitet i hela bränslekedjan (från odling till tank) vid ökade produktionsvolymer. Det är av hög prioritet att utveckla bränslesnåla bilar och här kommer elhybridteknologin och elbilar att bli allt viktigare. En långsiktig strategi för biodrivmedel bör innehålla satsningar på teknologi både för termisk förgasning och biologiska omvandlingsmetoder för lignocellulosa eftersom detta är kompletterande lika mycket som konkurrerande teknologier samt ger större flexibilitet och mindre risk för konflikter. Biogas från restprodukter har stora miljöfördelar och kan expandera med liten risk för konflikter. Certifiering (rätt utformat) är ett viktigt och nödvändigt verktyg på vägen mot mer hållbara drivmedel och vid ökade produktionsvolymer, men dessa system ska inte överskattas då de aldrig kan innefatta alla hållbarhetskriterier. Socio-ekonomiska aspekter som arbetsförhållanden, lokal landsbygdsutveckling osv samt effekter av ökad markkonkurrens måste i första hand lösas med generella åtgärder som nationell lagstiftning, fördelningspolitik, program och planer som i sin tur bör stödjas av internationella avtal och utvecklingssamarbete på olika nivåer. Oavsett utvecklingen i Sverige eller EU så kommer biodrivmedelsproduktionen globalt att öka, framför allt i utvecklingsländerna. Det är därför viktigt att ta vara på den möjlighet vi har idag att medverka i utvecklingen och införandet av hållbarhetskriterier. Förnybara drivmedel kan, med rätt utformning och styrmedel för lämplig tillväxttakt och produktionsvolym, leda till en positiv och hållbar utveckling i både industri- och utvecklingsländer.
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| 9. |
- Börjesson, Pål, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable vehicle fuels - do they exist?
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Our aim with this report is to discuss vehicle fuels from a wide perspective of sustainability. Biofuels and electricity are analyzed and compared to fossil vehicle fuels. Our goal is to try to point out the circumstances under which vehicle fuels can be reasonably perceived as sustainable, and which systems we should develop and which we should avoid. The all-embracing conclusion of this study is that one can not establish how sustainable fuels will develop in the future without simultaneously taking into consideration both scale and pace of growth. Today’s biofuels produced in Sweden are sustainable, given the present production volume, and promote further development of new fuel systems. However, in the case of increased production volumes, exact requirements should be established for the energy- and climate efficiency of the entire fuel chain (from cultivation to tank). High priority should be given to the development of fuel-efficient cars. In this field hybrid electric technology and electric cars will grow in importance. Any long-term strategy for biofuels should include investments in technology for both thermal gasification and biological conversion methods of lignocellulose, since these are complementing as much as competing technologies, both increasing the flexibility as well as decreasing the risk of conflicts. Biogas from waste products has great environmental advantages and the sector can be expanded with only small risks of conflicts. Certification (if correctly formulated) is an important and necessary tool on the way towards more sustainable vehicle fuels and increased production volumes, but certification systems should not be overrated since they can not cover all sustainability aspects. Socio-economic aspects such as working conditions, local rural development etc. must be dealt with through general measures such as national laws, distribution policies, programs and plans, all of which should be supported by international agreements and cooperation on development at all levels. Irrespective of the development in Sweden or the EU, global production of biofuels will increase, not least in the developing countries. It is therefore important to exploit the opportunity we have today to participate in the development and implementation of sustainability criteria. Renewable vehicle fuels can lead to a positive as well as sustainable development in both industrialized and developing countries, when the framing and guidance for an adequate pace of growth and production volumes are given.
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| 10. |
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