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- Modarres Razavi, Sara, et al.
(author)
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Production planning for district heating networks (DHN)
- 2014. - 8
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- District Heating Networks (DHN) can provide higher efficiencies and better pollution control compared to local heat generation. However, there are still many areas, which can be improved and optimized in these systems. A DHN is a complex distributed system of different customer substations and components such as boilers, accumulators, pipes, and in many cases also turbines for electricity production. How to schedule the components with the objective of maximizing the profit of heat and electricity production over a finite time horizon is receiving increased attention, and is the problem that has been dealt with in this work. This mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem has been formulated as a unit commitment problem (UCP), which involves finding the most profitable unit dispatch regarding production costs and heat and electricity sell prices, while simultaneously meeting the predicted district heating demands and satisfying network operational constraints. The heating demands within the optimization time horizon are predicted based on season and weather forecasts. In this work, the district heating plant in Uppsala, Sweden, owned by Vattenfall AB, has been considered as a reference plant for modeling and optimization. The optimization model is formulated in Python using Pyomo modeling language, and solved by Gurobi and GLPK solvers. An hourly- based data of five consecutive days is used as the time horizon. The results demonstrate the fact that with an accurate model of the DHN, it is possible to significantly increase the revenue of the DHN by finding the most economical way to dispatch different production components.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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Allowance Allocation and CO2 intensity of the EU15 and Norwegian refineries
- 2005
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- On 1 January 2005 the European Union Emission Trading Scheme was launched. The launch was preceded by an allocation process in each of the Member States. The main objective of this study was to analyse the allocation in relation to CO2 efficiency for the mineral oil refining sector. A CO2 intensity index for mineral oil refineries was defined and calculated for the refineries within the EU15 and Norway. The IVL CO2 intensity index is based both on the Solomon Energy Intensity Index (EII), an assumed fuel mix and process-specific emissions. Due to uncertainties in input data, the determined values for the individual refineries are fairly uncertain, but the regional values can be used to identify trends. It was concluded that there are substantial differences in the CO2 intensity between refineries within different regions/countries in the EU and these differences have not been considered in the allocation process. However, there seems to be a correlation between allocation and CO2 efficiency for refineries in different regions. With some exceptions countries where the mineral oil refining industry has a low CO2 intensity index have allocated relatively more than countries with industries of high CO2 intensities. Only a few countries have mentioned energy efficiency or reduction potential due to CO2 intensity of fuels used. Only one country (Denmark) has explicitly given a benchmark that will be used for allocation to new mineral oil refineries.
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| 5. |
- Zetterberg, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of national allocation plans for the EU ETS
- 2004
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The EU ETS is a Community-wide scheme established by Directive 2003/87/EC for trading allowances to cover the emissions of greenhouse gases from permitted installations. The first phase of the EU ETS runs from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2007. Each Member State must develop a National Allocation Plan for the first phase stating: · the total quantity of allowances that the Member State intends to issue during that phase; and how it proposes to distribute those allowances among the installations which are subject to the scheme In this paper twelve of the national allocation plans have been analysed and compared to the criteria stated in the EU Directive. The twelve allocation plans analysed are: the Austrian, the Danish, the Finnish, the German, the Irish, the Lithuanian, the Luxembourg, the Dutch, the Swedish, the British and the draft Flemish (Belgium) and Portuguese. Generally most countries have allocated generously to the trading sector. The allocation has often been based on future needs. For most sectors the allocation is higher than current emissions. Many countries will have to make large reductions in the non-trading sector and/or buy credits through JI- and CDM- projects in order to fulfil their commitment according to the EU burden sharing agreement of the Kyoto Protocol. In many of the allocation plans the emission reducing measures in the non-trading sector is poorly described and the credibility of the measures are hard to determine. Two sectors have been analysed in more detail, the energy and the mineral oil refining sectors. Figures presenting allocation vs. current emissions for those sectors are given for those countries where data was available in the allocation plan. The energy sector has been considered to have the best possibilities to pass on costs for the allowances to the consumers and hence the allocation to this sector is often more restricted than the allocation to other sectors. The mineral oil refining sector is more exposed to competition from installations outside the system and hence more sensitive to extra costs. This sector is also affected by other Community legislation that will lead to higher emissions. Some allocation plans have clear infringements to the rules given in the Directive 2003/87/EC. Many countries have suggested ex post adjustment of allocation due to different circumstances, which might violate Article 11.1 to the Directive. This paper also contains a list on the status of the allocation plans as of 18 August 2004 and the comments to the allocation plans given in the Commission decisions taken upon them. As of today, 18 August 2004 not all Member States have submitted their final national allocation plan to the Commissions and not all of the plans submitted have been assessed by the Commission
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