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| 2. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Imports of pulpwood and price discrimination: A test of buying power in the swedish pulpwood market
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1104-6899 .- 1618-1530. ; 5:3, s. 365-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish pulp and paper industry's ability to exert monopsony power is tested both with a conjectural variation model, which parameterizes the firms' expectations about other firms' behavior, and with a model that estimates country-specific effects and effects of currency fluctuations on import prices. We use industry data for the 1970-1993 period and find only weak evidence of market power, in spite of the apparent lack of competition.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Kent, et al.
(författare)
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Ascribed functions of the balanced scorecard: a study of politicians, managers and accountants in Swedish local governments
- 2009
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Ingår i: Performance Measurement Association Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper takes a novel approach to investigate functions ascribed to the Balanced Scorecard in local governments. First, we develop a measurement scale of balanced scorecard functions based on a literature review. Then, by combining qualitative interviews and quantitative data (based on 101 respondents) from four local governments in Sweden, we examine the measurement scale and put it to use. The results show that politicians, managers and accountants in local government recognize multiple functions, instrumental as well as symbolic. Based on the results, we generate propositions to be tested in future research.
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| 4. |
- Bader, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Proton Temperature Anisotropies in the Plasma Environment of Venus
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 124:5, s. 3312-3330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Velocity distribution functions (VDFs) are a key to understanding the interplay between particles and waves in a plasma. Any deviation from an isotropic Maxwellian distribution may be unstable and result in wave generation. Using data from the ion mass spectrometer IMA (Ion Mass Analyzer) and the magnetometer (MAG) onboard Venus Express, we study proton distributions in the plasma environment of Venus. We focus on the temperature anisotropy, that is, the ratio between the proton temperature perpendicular (T-perpendicular to) and parallel (T-parallel to) to the background magnetic field. We calculate average values of T-perpendicular to and T-parallel to for different spatial areas around Venus. In addition we present spatial maps of the average of the two temperatures and of their average ratio. Our results show that the proton distributions in the solar wind are quite isotropic, while at the bow shock stronger perpendicular than parallel heating makes the downstream VDFs slightly anisotropic (T-perpendicular to/T-parallel to > 1) and possibly unstable to generation of proton cyclotron waves or mirror mode waves. Both wave modes have previously been observed in Venus's magnetosheath. The perpendicular heating is strongest in the near-subsolar magnetosheath (T-perpendicular to/ T-parallel to approximate to 3/2), which is also where mirror mode waves are most frequently observed. We believe that the mirror mode waves observed here are indeed generated by the anisotropy. In the magnetotail we observe planetary protons with largely isotropic VDFs, originating from Venus's ionosphere.
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| 5. |
- Behar, Etienne, et al.
(författare)
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Mass-loading of the solar wind at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko : Observations and modelling
- 2016
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. The first long-term in-situ observation of the plasma environment in the vicinity of a comet, as provided by the European Rosetta spacecraft.Aims. Here we offer characterisation of the solar wind flow near 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) and its long term evolution during low nucleus activity. We also aim to quantify and interpret the deflection and deceleration of the flow expected from ionization of neutral cometary particles within the undisturbed solar wind.Methods. We have analysed in situ ion and magnetic field data and combined this with hybrid modeling of the interaction between the solar wind and the comet atmosphere.Results. The solar wind deflection is increasing with decreasing heliocentric distances, and exhibits very little deceleration. This is seen both in observations and in modeled solar wind protons. According to our model, energy and momentum are transferred from the solar wind to the coma in a single region, centered on the nucleus, with a size in the order of 1000 km. This interaction affects, over larger scales, the downstream modeled solar wind flow. The energy gained by the cometary ions is a small fraction of the energy available in the solar wind.Conclusions. The deflection of the solar wind is the strongest and clearest signature of the mass-loading for a small, low-activity comet, whereas there is little deceleration of the solar wind.
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| 6. |
- Behar, Etienne, et al.
(författare)
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Solar wind dynamics around a comet : A 2D semi-analytical kinetic model
- 2018
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims.We aim at analytically modelling the solar wind proton trajectories during their interaction with a partially ionised cometaryatmosphere, not in terms of bulk properties of the flow but in terms of single particle dynamics.Methods.We first derive a generalised gyromotion, in which the electric field is reduced to its motional component. Steady-stateis assumed, and simplified models of the cometary density and of the electron fluid are used to express the force experienced byindividual solar wind protons during the interaction.Results.A three-dimensional (3D) analytical expression of the gyration of two interacting plasma beams is obtained. Applying it to acomet case, the force on protons is always perpendicular to their velocity and has an amplitude proportional to 1/r2. The solar winddeflection is obtained at any point in space. The resulting picture presents a caustic of intersecting trajectories, and a circular regionis found that is completely free of particles. The particles do not lose any kinetic energy and this absence of deceleration, togetherwith the solar wind deflection pattern and the presence of a solar wind ion cavity, is in good agreement with the general results of theRosettamission.Conclusions.The qualitative match between the model and thein situdata highlights how dominant the motional electric field isthroughout most of the interaction region for the solar wind proton dynamics. The model provides a simple general kinetic descriptionof how momentum is transferred between these two collisionless plasmas. It also shows the potential of this semi-analytical modelfor a systematic quantitative comparison to the data.
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| 7. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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A note on inter-country differences in waste paper recovery and utilization
- 2002
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 34:3, s. 175-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Countries worldwide express waste paper recycling targets in terms of recovery and utilization rates. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the most important determinants of inter-country differences in these waste paper rates. By employing two regression models and using data for 89 and 81 countries, respectively, the paper concludes that relative waste paper recovery and use are largely market-determined, and depend thus on long-standing economic factors such as population intensity and competitiveness in the world market for paper and board products. We also find evidence that supports the conjecture that rich countries tend to recover relatively more waste paper than is the case in low-income countries, reflecting the higher demand for waste management and environmental policies in more developed economies. As recovery and utilization rates are determined largely by long-standing economic and demographic characteristics the degree of policy flexibility in affecting these rates may be limited. In particular, an ambitious utilization rate target may be very costly to enforce as it can conflict with existing trade patterns of paper and board products as well as with other environmental goals. Additional policy targets may, therefore, be desirable, especially since paper recycling is motivated primarily by environmental concerns and seldom is a benign activity in itself.
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| 8. |
- Berglund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating new institutional settings : a pilot study of new common property forest in Tanzania
- 1999
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives. - 0280-2791. ; 18:1, s. 43-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to evaluate the creation of institutions concerned with common forests in an economy in transition, Tanzania. The paper uses a framework developed by Ostrom [1990]. Focusing on successful community-oriented, organized irrigation networks Ostrom defines eight design principles. These eight principles are tools that can be used in evaluating common pool resource systems. The initial experiences of the two villages Duru and Ayasanda help to illustrate how the common forests of the villages will work in the future. In evaluating these forests, using Ostrom's framework, the paper finds that most of the fundamental requirements are fulfilled.
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| 9. |
- Blomberg, Jerry, et al.
(författare)
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Institutional Arrangements and Firm Behavior: The Case of Common Forests in Sweden
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Issues. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0021-3624 .- 1946-326X. ; 31:2, s. 401-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Examines the effect of property rights systems within common forests on output decisions in Sweden. History of common forests in Sweden; Structure and governance of Swedish common property forests; Behavioral assumption behind the actions of managers and co-owners of the common forests in Sweden.
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| 10. |
- Boyce, John R., et al.
(författare)
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Interest Group Competition and the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act
- 1999
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Ingår i: Natural resources journal. - 0028-0739. ; 39:4, s. 755-798
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the competition among three main sets of interest groups during the struggle to resolve the Native land claims issue: the Natives, the development interests (oil companies and the state of Alaska) and conservation interests (environmentalists and the Department of Interior). We examine the history of the Native land claims struggle as it was waged in the courts and in Congress, paying particular attention to the behavior of the various interest groups as they competed against one another. We also conduct an analysis of the voting behavior in the United States House of Representatives, where roll call voting data is available for votes on amendments in which the conservation and development interests had clear objectives. From both the historical and econometric voting analysis, we found that environmentalists and the oil industry significantly affected the final form of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.
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