| 1. |
- Nilsson, Johanna Nilsson, et al.
(författare)
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Hållbarhetsanalys av utvecklingsvägen ”starka sektorskopplingar” för att uppnå ett hundra procent förnybart elsystem : Delrapport i projektet "Hundra procent förnybart - hur många procent hållbart?" i samarbete med Mistra Carbon Exit
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten är ett samarbete mellan projekten ”Hundra procent förnybart – hur många procent hållbart?” och Mistra Carbon Exit (MCE). Denna inledande analys utgör ett första steg att identifiera de mest kritiska hållbarhetsaspekterna (ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala) som den fortsatta hållbarhetsanalysen i projektet ”Hundra procent förnybart – hur många procent hållbart” ska fokusera på.Fokus i rapporten är framtagande av en analys av det preliminära scenariot ”Starka sektorskopplingar” som en väg att nå ett hundra procent förnybart elsystem. Med ”Starka sektorskopplingar” avses mellan elproduktion och transport- och industrisektorerna i form av värmelager, vätgaslager, uppvärmningssystem samt flexibel laddning av elfordon.Tre fallstudier (värmelager, vätgaslager och flexibel laddning av elfordon) har valts ut och studerats på en workshop. På workshopen fick expertgrupperna för de tre fallstudierna resonera kring påverkan på de 17 globala hållbarhetsmålen med det digitala verktyget SDG Impact Assessment Tool. Slutsatser från workshopen, både utifrån medskick till den kommande fortsatta hållbarhetsanalysen samt erfarenheter av metodiken, har sedan sammanställts.Verktyget SDG Impact Assessment Tool ger möjlighet att systematiskt gå igenom samtliga 17 hållbarhetsmål för en fallstudie och med det undvika att handplocka de SDG:er som vid första anblick skulle kunna ses som mest relevanta. Metoden ger en djup förståelse kring motiv och argument till den utförda analysen, där resultaten avspeglar sammansättning av de deltagande experterna. Resultaten är strategiska i att guida det fortsatta arbetet för kvantifiering av hållbarhetspåverkan. Det är nödvändigt att på förhand tydligt definiera fallstudien för att ge gruppen samsyn om vad som ska analyseras, samt att möjliggöra för gruppen på plats att ytterligare precisera definitionen vid behov.Generellt har expertgrupperna bedömt att målen som riktar sig mer mot hållbarhet kopplat till sociala aspekter inte påverkas i samma utsträckning som de som är tydligare riktade mot miljö- och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Hållbarhetsmål som i sin beskrivning är mer direkt kopplade till omställningen av energisystemet (så som energi, klimat, infrastruktur och samhällsaspekter) har även i stort bedömts ha tydligare påverkan. Gemensamt visar gruppernas utförda bedömningar att de positiva effekterna överlag har bedömts vara fler, och i två av fallstudierna gjordes ingen sammanvägd bedömning om negativ påverkan för något av de 17 SDG:erna.Det är däremot inte sagt att det inte finns eller diskuterats några negativa effekter i grupperna. Exempelvis diskuterades att materialåtgång och ingrepp vid uppförande av de olika teknikerna kan påverka hållbarhetsmålen negativt. Dessutom kan till exempel en nationellt sett positiv påverkan på ett mål samtidigt ha en lokalt negativ påverkan.Genom den utförda workshopen har en första indikation och identifiering gjorts av vilka SDG:er som påverkas för respektive fallstudie.Även om fallstudierna har olika karaktär framgår i flertalet fall liknande tendenser och riktningar vid SDG-bedömningarna. Denna inledande analys ger ett värdefullt underlag för projektets nästa steg där indikatorer och analytiskt ramverk definieras, som bas för hållbarhetsanalysen där även målkonflikter ska analyseras.
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| 2. |
- Jones, Geraint H., et al.
(författare)
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The Comet Interceptor Mission
- 2024
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Ingår i: Space Science Reviews. - : Springer Nature. - 0038-6308 .- 1572-9672. ; 220:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we describe the novel, multi-point Comet Interceptor mission. It is dedicated to the exploration of a little-processed long-period comet, possibly entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or to encounter an interstellar object originating at another star. The objectives of the mission are to address the following questions: What are the surface composition, shape, morphology, and structure of the target object? What is the composition of the gas and dust in the coma, its connection to the nucleus, and the nature of its interaction with the solar wind? The mission was proposed to the European Space Agency in 2018, and formally adopted by the agency in June 2022, for launch in 2029 together with the Ariel mission. Comet Interceptor will take advantage of the opportunity presented by ESA’s F-Class call for fast, flexible, low-cost missions to which it was proposed. The call required a launch to a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 point. The mission can take advantage of this placement to wait for the discovery of a suitable comet reachable with its minimum Δ V capability of 600 ms − 1 . Comet Interceptor will be unique in encountering and studying, at a nominal closest approach distance of 1000 km, a comet that represents a near-pristine sample of material from the formation of the Solar System. It will also add a capability that no previous cometary mission has had, which is to deploy two sub-probes – B1, provided by the Japanese space agency, JAXA, and B2 – that will follow different trajectories through the coma. While the main probe passes at a nominal 1000 km distance, probes B1 and B2 will follow different chords through the coma at distances of 850 km and 400 km, respectively. The result will be unique, simultaneous, spatially resolved information of the 3-dimensional properties of the target comet and its interaction with the space environment. We present the mission’s science background leading to these objectives, as well as an overview of the scientific instruments, mission design, and schedule.
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| 3. |
- Kharel, Suman, et al.
(författare)
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Ozone dose dependent formation and removal of ozonation products of pharmaceuticals in pilot and full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 731
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The removal of micropollutants from municipal wastewater is challenged by the number of compounds with diverse physico-chemical properties. Ozonation is increasingly used to remove micropollutants from wastewater. However, ozonation does not necessarily result in complete mineralization of the organic micropollutants but rather transforms them into new compounds which could be persistent or have adverse environmental effects. To explore ozone dose dependency of the formation and successive removal of ozonation products, two pilot-scale and one full-scale ozonation plants were operated subsequent to a conventional activated sludge treatment. The results from these trials indicated that the concentrations of several N-oxides, such as Erythromycin N-oxide, Venlafaxine N-oxide and Tramadol N-oxide, increased up to an ozone dose of 0.56–0.61 mg O3/mg DOC while they decreased at elevated doses of 0.7–1.0 mg O3/mg DOC. Similar results were also obtained for two transformation products of Diclofenac (Diclofenac 2,5-quinone imine and 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2,3-dione) and one transformation product of Carbamazepine (1-(2-benzoic acid)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione), where the highest concentrations appeared around 0.27–0.31 mg O3/mg DOC. The formation maximum of a given compound occurred at a specific ozone dose that is characteristic for each compound, but seemed to be independent of the wastewater used for the experiments at the two pilots and the full-scale plant.
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| 4. |
- Kharel, Suman, et al.
(författare)
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Removal of pharmaceutical metabolites in wastewater ozonation including their fate in different post-treatments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced treatment technologies for the removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic micropollutants in WWTPs primarily target the removal of parent compounds. Nevertheless, the removal of metabolites originating from human- or microbial metabolism during biological treatment needs comparable consideration, as some of them might be present in high concentrations and contribute to toxicity. This study was conducted to elucidate the removal of human and microbial metabolites of pharmaceuticals as a function of the specific ozone dose. Ozonation was performed on four sites with two pilot- and two full-scale plants operated downstream of conventional activated sludge plants. The ozone reactivity of all metabolites (expressed as the ozone dose to remove 90% of the compound/decadic ozone dose) was lower than those of their parent compounds. The decadic ozone dose was 1.0, 1.3 and 1.1 mg O3/mg DOC for Epoxy-carbamazepine, Di-OH-carbamazepine and N-Desmethyl tramadol, respectively. 20–40% of the remaining metabolites were removed in a polishing sand/BAC-filter (biological activated carbon). Similar removal was observed for Epoxy-carbamazepine, Di-OH-carbamazepine and Hydroxy-diclofenac in a constructed wetland. However, the sand/anthracite filter had no effect. All four metabolites were removed in a GAC (granulated activated carbon) filter.
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| 5. |
- Lempart, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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A deeply supervised convolutional neural network ensemble for multilabel segmentation of pelvic OARs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Radiotherapy and Oncology. - 1879-0887. ; 161:Suppl 1, s. 1417-1418
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Accurate delineation of organs at risk (OAR) is a crucial step in radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning but is a manual and time-consuming process. Deep learning-based methods have shown promising results for medical image segmentation and can be used to accelerate this task. Nevertheless, it is rarely applied to complex structures found in the pelvis region, where manual segmentation can be difficult, costly and is not always feasible. The aim of this study was to train and validate a model, based on a modified U-Net architecture, for automated and improved multilabel segmentation of 10 pelvic OAR structures (total bone marrow, lower pelvis bone marrow, iliac bone marrow, lumosacral bone marrow, bowel cavity, bowel, small bowel, large bowel, rectum, and bladder).
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| 6. |
- Lempart, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Pelvic U-Net : multi-label semantic segmentation of pelvic organs at risk for radiation therapy anal cancer patients using a deeply supervised shuffle attention convolutional neural network
- 2022
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Ingår i: Radiation Oncology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1748-717X. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Delineation of organs at risk (OAR) for anal cancer radiation therapy treatment planning is a manual and time-consuming process. Deep learning-based methods can accelerate and partially automate this task. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a deep learning model for automated and improved segmentations of OAR in the pelvic region. Methods: A 3D, deeply supervised U-Net architecture with shuffle attention, referred to as Pelvic U-Net, was trained on 143 computed tomography (CT) volumes, to segment OAR in the pelvic region, such as total bone marrow, rectum, bladder, and bowel structures. Model predictions were evaluated on an independent test dataset (n = 15) using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), the 95th percentile of the Hausdorff distance (HD95), and the mean surface distance (MSD). In addition, three experienced radiation oncologists rated model predictions on a scale between 1–4 (excellent, good, acceptable, not acceptable). Model performance was also evaluated with respect to segmentation time, by comparing complete manual delineation time against model prediction time without and with manual correction of the predictions. Furthermore, dosimetric implications to treatment plans were evaluated using different dose-volume histogram (DVH) indices. Results: Without any manual corrections, mean DSC values of 97%, 87% and 94% were found for total bone marrow, rectum, and bladder. Mean DSC values for bowel cavity, all bowel, small bowel, and large bowel were 95%, 91%, 87% and 81%, respectively. Total bone marrow, bladder, and bowel cavity segmentations derived from our model were rated excellent (89%, 93%, 42%), good (9%, 5%, 42%), or acceptable (2%, 2%, 16%) on average. For almost all the evaluated DVH indices, no significant difference between model predictions and manual delineations was found. Delineation time per patient could be reduced from 40 to 12 min, including manual corrections of model predictions, and to 4 min without corrections. Conclusions: Our Pelvic U-Net led to credible and clinically applicable OAR segmentations and showed improved performance compared to previous studies. Even though manual adjustments were needed for some predicted structures, segmentation time could be reduced by 70% on average. This allows for an accelerated radiation therapy treatment planning workflow for anal cancer patients.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Sandberg, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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A modelling methodology for assessing use of datacenter waste heat in greenhouses
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, the number of datacenters establishments are steadily increasing thanks to green, stable and affordable electricity, free air cooling, advantageous energy taxes and well-developed Internet fiber infrastructures. Even though datacenters use a lot of energy, the waste heat that they create is seldom reused. A possible cause is that this waste heat is often low grade and airborne: it is therefore hard to directly inject it into a district heating system without upgrades, which require additional energy and equipment that generate extra costs. One option for reusing this heat without needs for upgrades is to employ it for heating up greenhouses. But assessing the feasibility of this approach by building physical prototypes can be costly, therefore using computer models to simulate real world conditions is an opportunity. However, there is a lack of computer modelling methodologies that can assess the possibility of using waste heat from datacenters in greenhouses in cold climates.The objective of this paper is therefore to propose such a methodology and discuss its benefits and drawbacks in comparison with other research studies. This methodology combines computational fluid dynamics, process modelling and control engineering principles into a computer model that constitutes a decision support system to study different waste heat and greenhouse or mushroom house scenarios.The paper validates the strategy through a case study in northern Sweden, where we assess the amount of produced waste heat by collecting temperature, relative humidity, and fan speed data for the air discharged from the datacenter.The resulting methodology, composed by conducting measurements and computer models, calculations can then be used for other datacenter operators or greenhouse developers to judge whether it is possible or not to build greenhouses using datacenter waste heat.
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| 9. |
- Sellberg, Jonas A., et al.
(författare)
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How Cubic Can Ice Be?
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1948-7185. ; 8:14, s. 3216-3222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an X-ray laser, we investigated the crystal structure of ice formed by homogeneous ice nucleation in deeply supercooled water nanodrops (r approximate to 10 nm) at similar to 225 K The nanodrops were formed by condensation of vapor in a supersonic nozzle, and the ice was probed within 100 mu s of freezing using femtosecond wide-angle X-ray scattering at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron X-ray laser. The X-ray diffraction spectra indicate that this ice has a metastable, predominantly cubic structure; the shape of the first ice diffraction peak suggests stacking-disordered ice with a cubicity value, chi, in the range of 0.78 +/- 0.05. The cubicity value determined here is higher than those determined in experiments with micron-sized drops but comparable to those found in molecular dynamics simulations. The high cubicity is most likely caused by the extremely low freezing temperatures and by the rapid freezing, which occurs on a similar to 1 mu s time scale in single nanodroplets.
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| 10. |
- Hensel, Michael U., 1965, et al.
(författare)
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The Changing Shape of Architecture: Further Cases of Integrating Research and Design in Practice
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Changing Shape of Architecture: Further Cases of Integrating Research and Design in Practice. - London : Routledge. - 9781315284088
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The discipline of architecture if currently undergoing a significant change as professional practice and academia seem to be transforming one another specifically through succinct research undertakings. This book continues the discussion started in The Changing Shape of Practice – Integrating Research and Design in Architecture on architectural offices’ modes of research and lines of inquiry in architecture and how it reshapes practice. The book aims to contribute to the mapping and discussion on research in architectural practice and its transformational impact and gives input to the discussions on where the architectural profession is heading. In this second volume various research initiatives and modes in architectural practices are portrayed. The book also includes contributions that broadens the scope and puts the developments into larger contexts and presents an overview of developments from different regional perspectives and of various social aspects of architecture. It also relates the developments in practice to educational efforts and to initiatives where the more traditional role of architects is challenged. The contributions include chapters by Walter Unterrainer, Anthony Burke, Renée Cheng and Andrea J. Johnson, and Michael Hensel and on the practices atelier d’architecture autogérée, Helen & Hard, MVRDV and The Why Factory, NADAAA & Nader Tehrani, Nordic – Office of Architecture, Schmidt Hammer Lassen, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Void, Sarah Wigglesworth Architects, and Älvstranden Utveckling.
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