| 1. |
- Fraser, Sheila, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence and Risk Factors for Occult Level 3 Lymph Node Metastases in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
- 2016
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Ingår i: Annals of Surgical Oncology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1068-9265 .- 1534-4681. ; 23:11, s. 3587-3592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) frequently disseminates into cervical lymph nodes. Lateral node involvement is described in up to 50 % patients undergoing prophylactic lateral neck dissection. This study aimed to assess this finding and identify which factors predict for occult lateral node disease. Patients with fine needle aspiration-confirmed PTC (Bethesda V or VI), without evidence of cervical lymph node metastases, underwent a total thyroidectomy with prophylactic ipsilateral central and level 3 dissection. Level 3 nodes were removed by compartmental dissection or by sampling the sentinel nodes overlying the jugular vein, according to surgeon preference. Data were collected prospectively from January 2011 to August 2014. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software. A total of 137 patients underwent total thyroidectomy with prophylactic ipsilateral central and level 3 dissection for PTC. The incidence of occult level 3 disease was 30 % (41/137 patients). A total of 48 % of patients (66/137) harbored occult central neck disease. A total of 80.5 % of patients with pN1b disease had macrometastases (aeyen2 mm), and 15 % exhibited skip metastases with central compartment sparing. In patients with pN1b disease, a median of 6 level 3 nodes were retrieved, with an average involved nodal ratio of 0.29. Multivariate regression demonstrated risk factors for occult lateral neck metastasis include tumor size (odds ratio 1.1), upper pole tumors (odds ratio 6.6), and vascular invasion (odds ratio 3.2) (p < 0.05). PTC is associated with a significant incidence of occult central and lateral nodal metastases. In patients undergoing prophylactic central neck dissection, inclusion of level 3 dissection should be considered in patients with large upper lobe cancers.
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| 2. |
- Norlén, Olov, et al.
(författare)
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Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules : The Role of Ultrasound in Clinical Decision Making
- 2014
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Ingår i: Annals of Surgical Oncology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1068-9265 .- 1534-4681. ; 21:11, s. 3528-3533
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assessment for thyroid nodules includes ultrasound (US) and cytology according to the Bethesda classification. There is no firm consensus regarding clinical management for nodules classified as Bethesda III. Our aim was investigate the value of US to predict malignancy in these nodules. Patients with Bethesda III nodules who underwent thyroid surgery from July 2011 to July 2013 were included. Inclusion criteria mandated that US were available for review by two observers blinded to each other's results and histological outcome. The nodules were scrutinized with six US criteria: hypoechoic attenuation (HA), irregular margins (IM), taller than wide, microcalcifications (MC), loss of halo, and increased central vascularity. Disagreements between observers were solved by consensus. There were 141 patients (121 women) with a mean age of 55 years. Mean nodule size was 25 mm. The malignancy rate was 13 %. Interobserver ratios were moderate to very strong for all six predictors (kappa = 0.60-0.94). However, only HA, IM, and MC were predictors of malignancy by univariate analysis (all p < 0.002). Logistic regression revealed an odds ratio of malignancy versus no malignancy for HA 4.8, IM 3.3, and MC 4.0 (all p < 0.05). The positive and negative predictive value for malignancy when having one or more of these three criteria was 22 % and 98 %, respectively. HA, IM, and MC were predictors of malignancy in Bethesda III nodules. In addition, the negative predictive value for any of these three criteria was high; a nodule that lacks all of these three criteria is thus unlikely to be malignant.
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