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| 2. |
- Graff, M., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide physical activity interactions in adiposity. A meta-analysis of 200,452 adults
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS Genet. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7404 .- 1553-7390. ; 13:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical activity (PA) may modify the genetic effects that give rise to increased risk of obesity. To identify adiposity loci whose effects are modified by PA, we performed genome-wide interaction meta-analyses of BMI and BMI-adjusted waist circumference and waist-hip ratio from up to 200,452 adults of European (n = 180,423) or other ancestry (n = 20,029). We standardized PA by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable where, on average, 23% of participants were categorized as inactive and 77% as physically active. While we replicate the interaction with PA for the strongest known obesity-risk locus in the FTO gene, of which the effect is attenuated by similar to 30% in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals, we do not identify additional loci that are sensitive to PA. In additional genome-wide meta-analyses adjusting for PA and interaction with PA, we identify 11 novel adiposity loci, suggesting that accounting for PA or other environmental factors that contribute to variation in adiposity may facilitate gene discovery.
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| 3. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Ohlsson, Magnus C., et al.
(författare)
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A project effort estimation study
- 1998
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - 0950-5849. ; 40:14, s. 831-839
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper outlines a four step effort estimation study and focuses on the first and second step. The four steps are formulated to successively introduce a more formal effort experience base. The objective of the study is to evaluate the needed formalism to improve effort estimation and to study different approaches to record and reuse experiences from effort planning in software projects. In the first step (including seven projects), the objective is to compare estimation of effort based on a rough figure (indicating approximate size of the projects) with an informal experience base. The objective of the second step is on reuse of experiences from an effort experience base, where the outcomes of seven previous projects were stored. Seven new projects are planned based on the previous experiences. The plans are, after project completion, compared with the initial plans and with the data from six out of the seven new projects, to plan the seventh. It is clear from the studies that effort estimation is difficult and that the mean estimation error is in the range of 14%-19% independent of the approach used. Further, it is concluded that the best estimates are obtained when the projects use the previous experience and complement this information with their own thoughts and opinions. Finally, it is concluded that data collection is not enough in itself, the data collected must be processed, i.e. interpreted, generalized and synthesized into a reusable form.
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| 6. |
- Runeson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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A classification scheme for studies on fault-prone components
- 2001
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ; 2188, s. 341-355
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various approaches are presented in the literature to identify fault-prone components. The approaches represent a wide range of characteristics and capabilities, but they are not comparable, since different aspects are compared and different data sets are used. In order to enable a consistent and fair comparison, we propose a classification scheme, with two parts, 1) a characterisation scheme which captures information on input, output and model characteristics, and 2) an evaluation scheme which is designed for comparing different models' capabilities. The schemes and the rationale for the elements of the schemes are presented in the paper. Important capabilities to evaluate when comparing different models are rate of misclassification, classification efficiency and total classification cost. Further, the schemes are applied in an example study to illustrate the use of the schemes. It is expected that applying these schemes would help researchers to compare different approaches and thereby enable building of a more consistent knowledge base in software engineering. In addition it is expected to help practitioners to choose a suitable prediction approach for a specific environment by filling out the characterisation scheme and making an evaluation in their own environment.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Wohlin, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Experimentation in Software Engineering
- 2012
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Like other sciences and engineering disciplines, software engineering requires a cycle of model building, experimentation, and learning. Experiments are valuable tools for all software engineers who are involved in evaluating and choosing between different methods, techniques, languages and tools. The purpose of Experimentation in Software Engineering is to introduce students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners to empirical studies in software engineering, using controlled experiments. The introduction to experimentation is provided through a process perspective, and the focus is on the steps that we have to go through to perform an experiment. The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a background of theories and methods used in experimentation. Part II then devotes one chapter to each of the five experiment steps: scoping, planning, execution, analysis, and result presentation. Part III completes the presentation with two examples. Assignments and statistical material are provided in appendixes. Overall the book provides indispensable information regarding empirical studies in particular for experiments, but also for case studies, systematic literature reviews, and surveys. It is a revision of the authors’ book, which was published in 2000. In addition, substantial new material, e.g. concerning systematic literature reviews and case study research, is introduced. The book is self-contained and it is suitable as a course book in undergraduate or graduate studies where the need for empirical studies in software engineering is stressed. Exercises and assignments are included to combine the more theoretical material with practical aspects. Researchers will also benefit from the book, learning more about how to conduct empirical studies, and likewise practitioners may use it as a “cookbook” when evaluating new methods or techniques before implementing them in their organization.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Wohlin, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Experimentation in Software Engineering (2024 edition)
- 2024
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This bookThis book has become the leading source for empirical software engineering research through its earlier editions. It provides an in-depth introduction to experimentation in software engineering. The focus is on the steps to go through to conduct an experiment. It also introduces a structure for selecting a research design and an introduction to systematic literature reviews, surveys, and case study research. Experiments are valuable tools for all software engineers who evaluate and choose between different solutions, methods, techniques, languages, and tools. Content of the book and new material The book has three main parts. Part I introduces empirical research through a structure for selecting a research design and explains several essential areas related to empirical research. Moreover, it provides introductions to systematic literature reviews, experiments, surveys, and case studies. Part II then devotes one chapter to each of the five experiment steps: scoping, planning, execution, analysis, and result presentation. Part III completes the presentation with two examples. Assignments and statistical material are provided in appendixes. The book provides indispensable information regarding empirical studies, particularly for experiments, but also for systematic literature studies, surveys, and case studies. This new edition comprises substantial new material. This includes a chapter on selecting a research design, which helps put experimentation into a broader context of other research approaches. Furthermore, a new chapter on survey research has been added. Novel contributions concerning A/B testing, replications, open science, validity threats, paired comparison design and tools for statistical analysis have been added. Moreover, systematic literature studies, experiments, and case study research descriptions have been consolidated. The book has also been updated based on the evolution of software engineering since the second edition's publication.Target audienceThe book is intended for students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners who would like to compare different options, for example, feature designs, or different development methods, techniques, languages, or tools. Teachers can use the book for undergraduate or graduate students; the book can be used as a course book on experimentation and empirical studies in general. Researchers will also benefit from the book by learning more about how to conduct empirical studies. Likewise, practitioners may use it as a “cookbook” when evaluating different solutions, alternatively for evaluating new methods or techniques before implementing them in their organisation.
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