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- Pierre, M., et al.
(författare)
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The XXL survey : First results and future
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astronomical Notes - Astronomische Nachrichten. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0004-6337 .- 1521-3994. ; 338:2-3, s. 334-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The XXL survey currently covers two 25 deg(2) patches with XMM observations of similar to 10 ks. We summarize the scientific results associated with the first release of the XXL dataset, which occurred in mid-2016. We review several arguments for increasing the survey depth to 40 ks during the next decade of XMM operations. X-ray (z < 2) cluster, (z < 4) active galactic nuclei (AGN), and cosmic background survey science will then benefit from an extraordinary data reservoir. This, combined with deep multi-lambda observations, will lead to solid standalone cosmological constraints and provide a wealth of information on the formation and evolution of AGN, clusters, and the X-ray background. In particular, it will offer a unique opportunity to pinpoint the z > 1 cluster density. It will eventually constitute a reference study and an ideal calibration field for the upcoming eROSITA and Euclid missions.
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- Fusaro, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurs at sea: Trading practices, legal opportunities and early modern globalization : Shipmasters as importers of salt
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Maritime History. - : SAGE Publications. - 0843-8714 .- 2052-7756. ; 28:4, s. 774-786
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Historians of globalization have considered how the early phases of globalization brought about changes in localized legal systems. But rather than pursuing the conventional approach of identifying ways in which the law developed to function on a more global scale, we adopt a localized perspective to examine how a landscape of different legal systems offered myriad opportunities in which the entrepreneurial activities of many actors could flourish. Instead of investigating the ‘usual suspects’ of the mercantile world – the seemingly ubiquitous, multi-faceted ‘merchants’ – we focus on the economic role played by seamen as traders by interrogating ‘economic’ and ‘legal’ evidence to illuminate the spread of their entrepreneurial activities across the globe. We take a comparative view of this broad subject by seeking to identify similarities and contrasts in the economic behaviour of seafarers from various European countries. In spatial terms, our focus is on the Mediterranean basin, because this was the first area in which different European legal and business models clashed. However, the session at the XVIIth World Economic History in Kyoto was conceived to include a wider selection of early modern examples, as it is our contention that these clashes were formative elements in the economic tide that swept across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, giving rise to early modern globalization.
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- Okabe, Shigeo, et al.
(författare)
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Development of neuronal precursor cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro
- 1996
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Ingår i: Mechanisms of Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4773 .- 1872-6356. ; 59:1, s. 89-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the mechanism of the sequential restriction of multipotency of stem cells during development, we have established culture conditions that allow the differentiation of neuroepithelial precursor cells from embryonic stem (ES) cells. A highly enriched population of neuroepithelial precursor cells derived from ES cells proliferates in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These cells differentiate into both neurons and glia following withdrawal of bFGF. By further differentiating the cells in serum-containing medium, the neurons express a wide variety of neuron-specific genes and generate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections. The expression pattern of position-specific neural markers suggests the presence of a variety of central nervous system (CNS) neuronal cell types. These findings indicate that neuronal precursor cells can be isolated from ES cells and that these cells can efficiently differentiate into functional post-mitotic neurons of diverse CNS structures.
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