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- Brus, Ole, 1982-
(författare)
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Prognostic factors of electroconvulsive therapy for depression
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Depression is a severe disorder that can be difficult to treat. One approach to treating depression is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), whereby electricity is administered through electrodes fastened to the patient’s head. This procedure is effective, however not all patients respond. Moreover, ECT can induce side effects, such as memory problems. In addition, even after achieving remission patients are likely to relapse at a later date. Thus, it is important to optimize ECT in terms of treatment effectiveness while minimizing its side effects. A further crucial issue is to prevent relapses by developing effective follow-up treatments. This thesis encapsulates four studies with the following goals: 1) to identify which factors that are associated with the worsening of subjective memory, 2) to identify factors that are associated with remission, 3) to quantify the effect of lithium on relapse after ECT for unipolar depression, 4) to investigate whether the difference in time to relapse between continuation ECT (C-ECT) with medication and medication alone during the first year of treatment changes over 10 years following the end of C-ECT treatment in patients with depression.The studies were performed using the Swedish national register data. The first two studies used the outcomes of subjective memory worsening and remission respectively. The third and fourth studies used time to relapse as the outcome.Several factors were associated with the outcomes: in the first, second, and third studies, it was found that older patients were associated with a positive outcome. In both the second and fourth studies, psychotic depression and not having anxiety disorder were associated with positive outcomes. The third study showed that patients who used lithium were less likely to relapse: the hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval among lithium users compared to non-lithium users was 0.84 (0.75–0.93). The fourth study indicated that the beneficial effect of C-ECT and medication compared with medication alone during the first year post-ECT was maintained for several years.In conclusion, it is important to identify factors that are associated with beneficial treatment, and the studies conducted for this thesis contribute to such knowledge.
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- Sönnerqvist, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of the Scandinavian Guidelines for the Initial Management of Minor and Moderate Head Injury in Children
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurotrauma. - : Mary Ann Liebert. - 0897-7151 .- 1557-9042. ; 35:16, s. A248-A248
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Head trauma in children is common, with a low rate of clinically-important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI). CT scan is the reference standard for diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, of which the increasing use is alarming because of the risk of induction of lethal malignancies. Recently, the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC) derived new guidelines for the initial management of minor and moderate head trauma (GCS 9-15) in children. Our aim was to validate the SNC guidelines by assessing the risk of a child being discharged with a ciTBI. A secondary aim was to assess the risk of a child being discharged with a TBI on CT.Methods: We applied the SNC guidelines to a population consisting of children with mild and moderate head trauma, enrolled in the dataset ‘‘Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study’’ (Kuppermanns et al 2009). We calculated the SNC guidelines negative predictive values to assess their ability to distinguish children without ciTBI and traumatic brain injuries on CT scans, for whom CT would be unnecessary.Results: We enrolled and analysed 43 025 children (mean age 7.0 years, range 0-17, 62.3% males). The prevalence of ciTBI were statistically significant lower in the group of minimal head injury as compared to the mild low-risk head injury group (p<0.001). The rate of ciTBI in the minimal head injury group was 0,15% and the negative predictive value was 99.8% for ciTBI (minimal vs mild-moderate head injury groups). Traumatic finding on CT was detected in 3.1% of the children in the minimal group who underwent a CT examination, which accounts for 0.45% of all children in the minimal head injury group. The negative predictive value was 96.9% for traumatic finding on CT.Conclusion: It is safe to discharge children with oral and written instructions and, according to the SNC guidelines, minimal head injury. Use of the SNC guidelines will potentially reduce the use of CT.
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- Wilhelmsson Göstas, Mona, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in attachment styles and interpersonal problems after different forms of psychotherapy
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Attachment theorists and researchers have argued that psychotherapy may be an opportunity to revise insecure attachment styles, enabling more flexibility in interpersonal relationships. Attachment theory was developed to understand human reactions to life stressors, such as loss and separation. The term attachment style reflects a person’s most typical internal working models to seek proximity in relationships. This study examines whether self-reported attachment styles measured by the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) changed after a course of either cognitive behavioural (CBT) or psychodynamic oriented psychotherapy (PDT) in a clinical sample of psychotherapy patients (n= 111). One aim was to examine changes related to differences in gender, age, diagnoses, therapy method and number of sessions. Another aim was to examine whether changes correlated with changes in interpersonal problems measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Results showed an increase in security in attachment styles that correlated with a decrease in interpersonal problems. No differences between therapy methods were found. The age group 26 to 39 reported greater security and less avoidance compared to patients over 40. Patients who attended between 11 and 25 sessions scored higher as regards security compared to those with 1-10 sessions but there was no difference for those with more than 25 sessions. The study supports results from a few other studies that psychotherapy increases the attachment-related security of patients. As an increase in security is associated with a decrease in interpersonal problems, attachment styles can be perceived as mediating factors in psychotherapy outcome irrespective of psychotherapy orientation.
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