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- Shungin, Dmitry, et al.
(författare)
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New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 518:7538, s. 187-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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| 3. |
- Hatami, Sepehr, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Tribological properties of powder metallurgical tool steels used in powder compaction pressing dies
- 2011
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Ingår i: Lubrication Science. - : Wiley. - 0954-0075 .- 1557-6833. ; 23:3, s. 139-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The tribological properties of two powder metallurgical (PM) tool steels, high and low nitrogen containing, are investigated by means of three different wear tests: ball-on-disc, rubber wheel and scratch test. The ball-on-disc tests showed two distinct friction curves corresponding to each material. In order to simulate the tribosystem existing in metal powder compaction dies, the rubber wheel and the scratch test were modified. The rubber wheel test was performed using ferrous powder instead of sand, and scratch testing was carried out by sliding a powder compact over the tool steels. The scratch tests indicated a higher steady-state coefficient of friction for the low nitrogen containing PM steel as compared with the high nitrogen containing alloy. Additionally, the results from the rubber wheel tests were in agreement with industrial experiences, showing the low nitrogen containing tool steel to suffer from severe galling. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Hörnström, S. -E, et al.
(författare)
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Forming of high-strength steels using a hot-melt dry lubricant
- 2010
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Ingår i: 17th International Colloquium Tribology 2010 - Solving Friction and Wear Problems. ; , s. 958-971
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing use of high strength steels in a variety of mechanical engineering applications has illuminated problems associated with galling in sheet metal forming operations. Galling is a tribological phenomenon associated with transfer of material from the steel sheet to the tool surface during forming resulting in seizure of the tool/steel sheet contact and extensive scratching of the steel sheet surface. As a result, a number of concepts have been developed in order to reduce the tendency to galling in metal forming, including the development of new dry lubricants, new forming tool steel grades and improved surface engineering treatments such as the deposition of low friction CVD and PVD coatings. In the present study the performance of a hot-melt dry lubricant in the forming of hot and cold rolled and hot-dip galvanized high strength steel has been evaluated and compared with a conventional rust protection oil using five different tests methods, i.e. a strip reduction test, a bending under tension test, a stretch-forming test, a pin-on disc test and a strip drawing test. In these tests, two different cold work tool steels, a conventional steel grade and a nitrogen alloyed PM steel grade were evaluated. The results show that the different tests used give consistent results and valuable information concerning the galling tendency of the steel sheet, tool steel and lubricant combinations investigated and when combined can be used to rank the galling resistance of lubricants and tool steels. The results clearly show that the dry lubricant provides better lubrication and generates less galling than the rust protection oil. Also, the nitrogen alloyed PM steel grade shows a significantly higher galling resistance as compared with the conventional steel grade and can, in combination with a dry lubricant, preferably be used in sheet metal forming operations to further improve the galling resistance.
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| 6. |
- Roizard, X., et al.
(författare)
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Insights into sliding wear and friction behavior of copper in ethanol containing alkylphosphonic acid molecules
- 2016
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Ingår i: Tribology International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-679X .- 1879-2464. ; 96, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, the friction and wear behavior of bare copper was investigated for the first time under lubricated sliding conditions in diluted ethanol solutions of butylhosphonic (C4P), octylphosphonic (C8P), dodecylphosphonic (C12P), and hexadecylphosphonic (C16P) acids. The technique aims towards a more environmentally friendly lubrication to be used in shaping of copper sheets. Bare copper samples were subjected to unidirectional sliding using a tribometer with ball-on-disk contact geometry. Copper substrates (20 mm2×1 mm) were run against 100Cr6 ∅10 mm ball bearing counterbodies. All tests were conducted using the same sliding conditions with a normal load of 10 N, tangential velocity of 0.01 m/s, at room temperature of 20 °C. Worn surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Optical Microscopy and White Light Interference Profilometry. When comparing to sliding tests in the pure ethanol solvent, significant decreases in terms of wear track dimensions, transferred material on the ball and friction coefficients are observed when active molecules are present in the solution. These form protective tribofilms exhibiting lubricating and anti-wear properties. Deeper studies on the tribological behavior of copper in C4P solution show that both low friction and low transfer of work material to the ball prevail in a specific range of low molecule concentration (5×10-4 M; 25×10-4 M). Even if the molecules are introduced during the test, after a few cycles, the tribological behavior improves, regardless of both friction level and copper surface degradation. Finally, specific friction tests were performed to further investigate the mechanisms. It was found that two mechanisms are involved; firstly molecules grafting onto the surface directly reduces friction, and secondly transformation of these grafted molecules into a tribofilm during the first mechanical contact cycles reduces it even further.
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