| 1. |
- Bilalov, Azat, et al.
(författare)
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Complexation between DNA and surfactants and lipids: phase behavior and molecular organization
- 2012
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Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-6848 .- 1744-683X. ; 8:43, s. 11022-11033
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between DNA and various cationic species, e. g. cationic surfactant (CS), has a broad biological and biotechnological significance. In the cell nucleus as well as in transfection formulations, other species, mainly zwitterionic lipids, are also present but their exact role needs elucidation. A closer investigation of the stability of structures formed as well as the molecular arrangements is hampered by the complexity of the systems with respect to the number of components. A powerful way for reducing the number of components is to base studies on the stoichiometric (1 : 1) compound CSDNA, where the simple (sodium) counterions have been ion-exchanged by a cationic amphiphile ion. CSDNA is typically insoluble in water but is able to form liquid crystalline phases in aqueous mixtures with many additives capable of associating with the amphiphilic counterions (alcohols, non-ionic surfactants, lipids, cyclodextrins, etc.). Mixtures of CSDNA with a number of components have been investigated in detail with respect to phase behavior. The phase diagrams demonstrate a rich liquid crystallinity. The organization of DNA and the surfactant-lipid self-assemblies is controlled by different factors for different cases, mainly (i) the lipophilic characteristics of the components, (ii) the [CSDNA]/[amphiphile] ratio and (iii) DNA packing constraints, due to the large persistence length. A summary of phase diagrams is presented together with structural investigations based mainly on small-angle X-ray scattering. The role of DNA rigidity is illustrated in a comparison with analogous systems based on flexible polyanions.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Nils, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Enzymes Immobilized in Mesoporous Silica: a Physical-Chemical Perspective
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-8686. ; 205, s. 339-360
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mesoporous materials as support for immobilized enzymes have been explored extensively during the last two decades, primarily not only for biocatalysis applications, but also for biosensing, biofuels and enzyme-controlled drug delivery. The activity of the immobilized enzymes inside the pores is often different compared to that of the free enzymes, and an important challenge is to understand how the immobilization affects the enzymes in order to design immobilization conditions that lead to optimal enzyme activity. This review summarizes methods that can be used to understand how material properties can be linked to changes in enzyme activity. Real-time monitoring of the immobilization process and techniques that demonstrate that the enzymes are located inside the pores is discussed by contrasting them to the common practice of indirectly measuring the depletion of the protein concentration or enzyme activity in the surrounding bulk phase. We propose that pore filling (pore volume fraction occupied by proteins) is the best standard for comparing the amount of immobilized enzymes at themolecular level, and present equations to calculate pore filling from the more commonly reported immobilized mass. Methods to detect changes in enzyme structure upon immobilization and to study the microenvironment inside the pores are discussed in detail. Combining the knowledge generated from these methodologies should aid in rationally designing biocatalyst based on enzymes immobilized in mesoporous materials.
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| 3. |
- Narayanan, Ajit, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence techniques for bioinformatics
- 2002
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Ingår i: Applied Bioinformatics. - 1175-5636. ; 1:4, s. 191-222
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review provides an overview of the ways in which techniques from artificial intelligence (AI) can be usefully employed in bioinformatics, both for modelling biological data and for making new discoveries. The paper covers three techniques: symbolic machine learning approaches (nearest neighbour and identification tree techniques), artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. Each technique is introduced and supported with examples taken from the bioinformatics literature. These examples include folding prediction, viral protease cleavage prediction, classification, multiple sequence alignment and microarray gene expression analysis.
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| 4. |
- Nicholls, Ian A., et al.
(författare)
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Rational design of biomimetic molecularly imprinted materials : theoretical and computational strategies for guiding nanoscale structured polymer development
- 2011
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Ingår i: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-2642 .- 1618-2650. ; 400:6, s. 1771-1786
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In principle, molecularly imprinted polymer science and technology provides a means for ready access to nano-structured polymeric materials of predetermined selectivity. The versatility of the technique has brought it to the attention of many working with the development of nanomaterials with biological or biomimetic properties for use as therapeutics or in medical devices. Nonetheless, the further evolution of the field necessitates the development of robust predictive tools capable of handling the complexity of molecular imprinting systems. The rapid growth in computer power and software over the past decade has opened new possibilities for simulating aspects of the complex molecular imprinting process. We present here a survey of the current status of the use of in silico-based approaches to aspects of molecular imprinting. Finally, we highlight areas where ongoing and future efforts should yield information critical to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms sufficient to permit the rational design of molecularly imprinted polymers.
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| 5. |
- Olsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Does smoking cessation affect postoperative healing following oral surgery among smokers? : a systematic review
- 2024
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Ingår i: BMC Oral Health. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1472-6831. ; 24:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIt is well documented that smokers suffer increased risk of postoperative complications after medical surgery, for example delayed healing and increased risk of infection. It is also known that preoperative smoking cessation can reduce the risk of these complications. Because of this there are guidelines regarding preoperative smoking cessation in non-oral medical surgery. There are however no specific guidelines regarding oral surgical procedures, such as surgical extractions, dentoalveolar surgery, periodontal surgery, or dental implantation. Nevertheless, it is common that dentists and oral surgeons recommend smoking cessation pre to oral surgical procedures. The aim with this systematic review was to see if there are any evidence in the literature, supporting preoperative smoking cessation in oral surgical procedures.MethodsA systematic search of the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane was conducted to identify studies addressing the effect of preoperative smoking cessation in oral surgical procedures. Included publications were subjected to preidentified inclusion criterion. Six examiners performed the eligibility and quality assessment of relevant studies. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2. Certainty assessment was carried out using GRADE.ResultsThe initial search resulted in 2255 records, and after removal of 148 duplicates, 16 articles met an acceptable level of relevance. These were read in full text, whereof 12 articles were excluded, due to different intervention, outcome, or study design than stated in the review protocol. One study remained with moderate risk of bias and three were excluded due to high risk of bias.ConclusionThis systematic review could not determine the effect of smoking cessation pre to oral surgical procedures, in smokers. This indicates lack of knowledge in the effects of smoking cessation. We also conclude a lack of knowledge in how to design smoking cessation in the most effective way.
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| 6. |
- Sartipy, P., et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of 'stemness' and stem cell differentiation by microRNAs
- 2009
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Ingår i: IDrugs. The Investigational Drugs Journal. - : BioMed Central. - 1369-7056 .- 2040-3410. ; 12:8, s. 492-496
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pluripotency and cellular differentiation are intricate biological processes that are coordinately regulated by a complex set of factors and epigenetic regulators. Human pluripotent stem cell lines can be generated from surplus fertilized eggs or, as demonstrated more recently, from the reprogramming of somatic cells. Standardized culture conditions for the long-term maintenance and propagation of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells have also been developed. An objective of current research is to increase the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell differentiation. The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells may enable the generation of large quantities of specialized cells that can be used as in vitro tools for drug development, as well as for future applications in regenerative medicine. However, most of the currently used differentiation protocols yield inefficient stem cell quantities and low purity of the final cell preparations. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their role as important transcriptional regulators may provide a new means of manipulating stem cell fate. This article provides an overview of some recent advancements made in the fields of both stem cell biology and miRNA.
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| 7. |
- Synnergren, Jane, et al.
(författare)
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Classification of information fusion methods in systems biology
- 2009
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Ingår i: In Silico Biology. - : IOS Press. - 1386-6338. ; 9:3, s. 65-76
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological systems are extremely complex and often involve thousands of interacting components. Despite all efforts, many complex biological systems are still poorly understood. However, over the past few years high-throughput technologies have generated large amounts of biological data, now requiring advanced bioinformatic algorithms for interpretation into valuable biological information. Due to these high-throughput technologies, the study of biological systems has evolved from focusing on single components (e.g. genes) to encompassing large sets of components (e.g. all genes in an entire genome), with the aim to elucidate their interdependences in various biological processes. In addition, there is also an increasing need for integrative analysis, where knowledge about the biological system is derived by data fusion, using heterogeneous data sets as input. We here review representative examples of bioinformatic methods for fusion-oriented interpretation of multiple heterogeneous biological data, and propose a classification into three categories of tasks that they address: data extraction, data integration and data fusion. The aim of this classification is to facilitate the exchange of methods between systems biology and other information fusion application areas.
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| 8. |
- Wickenberg, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Advancing the implementation of nature-based solutions in cities: A review of frameworks
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1462-9011. ; 125, s. 44-53
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nature-based solutions (NBS) can help tackle climate change and advance urban sustainability by using nature to deliver social, ecological and economic benefits. However, their success largely depend on implementation for which several barriers exist. For NBS to be meaningful in terms of delivering positive impacts in cities, we need better understanding of how implementation is embedded in NBS frameworks. The aim of this paper is to i) understand how frameworks address implementation, and ii) extract and synthesize key elements and conditions required for enabling the implementation process. Taking a hermeneutic approach, the paper makes use of pre-understanding to interpret and analyse 'the whole' and 'the parts' of the implementation process and discuss how the discourse on NBS implementation could advance towards more operational understanding. This paper suggests that multi-stakeholder collaboration and co-creation of knowledge are important prerequisites for shared understanding of problems, developing actionable knowledge and adapting NBS to site-specific societal challenges. Advancing knowledge about the NBS implementation process is relevant for capacity building and governance of NBS at the local level and bridging policy areas, stakeholders and the knowledge needed to make NBS become relevant to broader society. However, more research is needed to i) move beyond conceptual propositions and towards operational understanding of NBS principles and ii) improve the understanding of how local collaboration and co-creation of knowledge can enhance capacity building and support implementation of NBS.
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