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Sökning: WFRF:(Olsson H) > Doktorsavhandling

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1.
  • Blad, Karin, 1982- (författare)
  • Styrelseledamöters skyldigheter och ansvar vid risk för obestånd och liknande situationer
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Styrelseledamöter har ett antal skyldigheter när ett aktiebolag får ekonomiska svårigheter. Vilka regler som aktualiserar bolagsledningens ansvar beror på om ett aktiebolag har betalningsproblem eller balansproblem. Avseende balansproblemet finns regler om så kallat medansvar för styrelseledamöter och andra företrädare i 25 kap. aktiebolagslagen (2005:551). Syftet med kapitalbristreglerna är att tillse en snabb avveckling av ett kapitalsvagt aktiebolag och därvid skydda borgenärskollektivet. Utöver medansvarsreglerna finns det regler om skadeståndsansvar för bland andra styrelseledamöter för skador de åsamkar bolaget, aktieägare eller andra, exempelvis borgenärer. Vid ett aktiebolags betalningsproblem aktualiseras obeståndsrelaterade ansvarsregler i de fall betalningsoförmågan inte bedöms vara endast tillfällig. Härvid kan särskilt nämnas borgenärsbrotten i 11 kap. brottsbalken (1962:700), vilka förutsätter gäldenärens obestånd eller att påtaglig fara för obestånd föreligger. Därtill aktualiserar den särskilda oförmågan att betala förfallna skatteskulder det skatterättsliga företrädaransvaret i 59 kap. skatteförfarandelagen (2011:1244) (SFL) och för det räcker att betalningsoförmågan är endast tillfällig. Avhandlingen syftet är att systematisera och utvärdera reglerna om skyldigheter och personligt ansvar för styrelseledamöter när bolaget befinner sig i insolvenszonen, det vill säga när det är risk för obestånd eller obestånd är ett faktum. I syftet ingår att undersöka regleringens ändamålsenlighet.
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2.
  • Kulin Olsson, Karin, 1951- (författare)
  • Arvsrätt eller rätt till arv : en studie om arvsberättigande och kvarlåtenskapens fördelning
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The present Swedish law of inheritance has developed slowly and is based on ideas stemming from an earlier social structure than that of today. When reforms have been made, modern regulations have been added to a very old structure. The rules on inheritance are still based on the nuclear family, though changes in society and the family forms that people choose have impacted on the notion of family, a notion which can no longer be seen as homogenous and clear. With changing living conditions and new forms of family, the present regulation has resulted in uncertainties and unpredictable consequences for the affected parties, such as when the wish of the deceased are restricted, equal heirs are treated differently, new forms of inheritance occur or when established protective mechanisms are sidelined. In an age when each person’s right to decide over their own interests enjoys central importance, it can be questioned whether a traditional law of inheritance is effective in contemporary society.The purpose of this dissertation is to examine from a historical perspective to what extent the law of inheritance is adapted to contemporary society, considering changing living conditions, forms of family and societal values. The dissertation’s point of departure is the law of inheritance of 1928 and the law of wills of 1930, and the question of who has the right to inherit and how the estate is distributed. Within this purpose the conditions for inheriting, principles regarding the distribution of the estate and the motives behind these are examined.The research has been conducted through an analysis of the development of the existing inheritance law's design and function in relation to the living conditions, family relationships and social values at different times in history. The approach has required that a wider perspective been applied to the design of the regulations on the right of inheritance and the distribution of the estate, which goes beyond law. The purpose and effect of the mentioned regulations have been identified and analysed on the basis of this background. The approach has meant that the current regulations have been examined both from an internal and an external perspective. The research has resulted in a proposal of change to the present principles of distribution and restrictions in order to accommodate present- day society’s living conditions and forms of family by extending the freedom of the decedent to dispose over the distribution of it’s estate after death.
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3.
  • Olsson, Anders H (författare)
  • Genetic and epigenetic influence on oxidative phosphorylation, islet function and type 2 diabetes in humans
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. T2D is a heterogeneous disease caused by a complex interplay between multiple genetic, epigenetic and non-genetic factors. The disease is characterised by impaired insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Mitochondrial ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is known to play a critical regulatory role in glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the influence of genetic and epigenetic variation on OXPHOS, islet function and T2D in humans. In study I, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TFB1M, a nuclear-encoded factor involved in the translational control in mitochondria, that is associated with decreased insulin secretion in response to glucose, increased future risk of T2D, and reduced expression of TFB1M in human pancreatic islets. In mice with a heterozygous deficiency of Tfb1m and in clonal β-cells where Tfb1m had been silenced, we found that reduced levels of TFB1M caused impaired OXPHOS and, consequently, reduced insulin secretion. This study concludes that deficiency in TFB1M contributes to the pathogenesis of T2D by causing impaired insulin secretion. In study II, we showed that SNPs located adjacent to OXPHOS genes are nominally associated with decreased GSIS. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that SNPs in or near genes involved in OXPHOS may influence β-cell function. In study III, we demonstrated that a set of OXPHOS genes is down-regulated in pancreatic islets from patients with T2D compared to donors not diagnosed with diabetes. Islet expression of multiple OXPHOS genes correlated positively with GSIS. This result suggests that decreased expression of OXPHOS genes in pancreatic islets may contribute to T2D by impaired GSIS. In study IV, we performed a genome-wide methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analysis to assess the effects of SNPs on DNA methylation in human pancreatic islets. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation in pancreatic islets is under the control of genetic variability, suggesting the importance of integrating genetic and epigenetic mechanisms when studying the underlying biological effects on complex human diseases, such as T2D. Taken together, genetic and epigenetic influence on pancreatic islet function and mitochondrial OXPHOS may be involved in the pathogenesis of T2D by affecting insulin secretion.
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4.
  • Olsson, Fredrik, 1988- (författare)
  • Inertial motion capture for ambulatory analysis of human movement and balance
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) are ubiquitous in today’s society, where they can be found in many of our everyday mobile devices. These sensors are capable of recording the movement of the device, and by extension, the movement of humans carrying or interacting with the device. Human motion capture is frequently used for medical purposes to assess individual balance performance and movement disorders. Accurate and objective assessment is important in the design of individualized interventions and rehabilitation strategies.The increasing availability of inertial sensors, combined with their mobility and low cost, has made inertial motion capture highly relevant as a more accessible alternative to the laboratory based gold standard. However, mobile solutions need to be adopted for plug-and-play use with the end user in mind. Methods that automatically calibrate the sensors, and methods that detect and record relevant motions are required.This thesis contributes to the development of human inertial motion capture as a plug-and-play technology. A method for accelerometer calibration, which allows for compensation of systematic sensor errors, is proposed. The method fuses accelerometer and gyroscope data to allow dynamic rotation of the sensor during the calibration procedure. Other proposed methods handles sensor-to-segment calibration in a biomechanical model. The position of a joint center and the direction of a hinge joint’s rotation axis, are identified in each sensor’s intrinsic coordinate system. This is done by fitting recorded motions to the kinematic constraints of the underlying biomechanical model. The methods are evaluated on real sensor data collected from mechanical joint systems that mimics human limbs.The state of the current knowledge regarding objective human balance assessment isstudied in the form of a systematic review, that includes methods for modeling and identifying neuromuscular control of human balance. A similar modeling framework is then applied to identify feedback controllers in physical and artificial (simulated) systems. Finally, inertial sensors are applied in tremor quantification in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). The method uses only the inertial sensors in a standard smart phone, and is applied on data from human subjects with PD or ET.
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5.
  • Olsson, Mats H M (författare)
  • Theoretical studies of blue copper proteins
  • 2000
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In this thesis, a critical investigation is presented about the role of mechanical strain for the electron-transfer properties of the blue copper proteins. It has been found that the structure of a realistic model complex of the oxidised blue-copper active site, optimised in vacuum with the B3LYP method, has the same trigonal cupric geometry as in the protein. Thus, the protein does not strain the active site significantly. Instead, the protein presents a soft and polarisable cysteinate ligand that can form covalent bonds with the copper ion. This reduces the charge of the Cu(II) ion giving it properties more similar to a Cu(I) ion. The trigonal cupric geometry arises due to a covalent Cu(II)-S(Cys) pi bond, formed from the singly occupied Cu 3d orbital and a lone-pair on the sulphur atom. This way, it occupies two positions in a square coordination and forces the methionine ligand to an axial position at a longer distance. A second minimum similar in energy to the trigonal structure has been found. Its properties are comparable to the rhombic type I copper proteins (compared to the axial type I copper proteins), such as a longer Cu-Cys, shorter Cu-Met distance, and a very different spectrum. The electronic structure differs from the trigonal state in that it has an ordinary sigma interaction between the copper and sulphur atoms. However, because of the charge donation to the copper ion, the structure is almost tetrahedral and far from the expected square-planar geometry of normal Cu(II) complexes. Further, we have studied the suggestion that the protein can modulate the reduction potential by constraining the axial ligation. However, we find that this leads only to minor changes, less than 140 mV, whereas the natural variation among the proteins span a range of 800 mV. Thus, it is concluded that this would not be an appropriate way of fine-tuning the reduction potential. A similar investigation has been performed for the binuclear CuA site in cytochrome c oxidase. Finally, we have studied the inner-sphere reorganisation energy of several metal complexes, ranging from inorganic complexes to models of active sites for different proteins. This has shown that the blue-copper active site has a 120 kJ/mole smaller reorganisation energy than a copper ion with four water ligands. Thus, there does not seem to be any need for strain to achieve a low reorganisation energy. Instead, it is ensured by structures that are similar for both redox active forms and shallow metal-ligand potentials.
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6.
  • Persson, Daniel H. E., 1974- (författare)
  • On the Mechanisms behind the Tribological Performance of Stellites
  • 2005
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis reveals the tribological mechanisms behind the intrinsic low friction potential of the Co-based family of alloys called Stellites. Although being an established and important group of materials, a satisfactory explanation to why they exhibit low-friction properties under severe sliding conditions has not previously been found in the literature. The main part of this thesis is dedicated to the clarification of the tribological performance of Stellites in highly loaded sliding contact. The results should assist the development of Co-free alternatives, suitable for replacing Stellites in nuclear applications. Owing to their beneficial properties they are today the most commonly used material in the sealing surfaces on gate valves in the primary circuits of boiling water reactors (BWR). The underlying reason for the replacement in the nuclear applications is an undesired contribution to the background radiation level, originating from the Co in the Stellite surfaces. The Stellites mainly consist of Cr-rich carbides in a solid solution dominated by Co. The commonly used Stellite 6 and Stellite 21 were chosen as primary test materials and applied by laser cladding, providing a metallically bonded clad layer with a fine dendritic microstructure. By combining information from a series of dedicated tribological tests and modern high-resolution analysis instruments (e.g. SEM, XRD and TEM) available at the Ångström Laboratory at Uppsala University, the following conclusions can be made regarding the tribological performance of Stellites under high load sliding. Mechanisms. The (tested) Stellites form a thick deformation hardened layer, topped with a superficial easily sheared layer of hcp basal planes aligned parallel to the worn surface. The easy-shear layer is continually regenerated, replacing worn off material. Technical benefits. The Stellites offer low-friction properties thanks to their easily sheared surface layers. The risk of severe galling is also avoided by restricting shear and adhesive transfer to very thin superficial layers. In closed sliding contacts, self-generated protective layers formed by re-deposition of wear fragments are also offered.
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7.
  • Wiberg, Marie H., 1976- (författare)
  • Computerized achievement tests : sequential and fixed length tests
  • 2003
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The aim of this dissertation is to describe how a computerized achivement test can be constructed and used in practice. Throughout this dissertation the focus is on classifying the examinees into masters and non-masters depending on their ability. However, there has been no attempt to estimate their ability. In paper I, a criterion-referenced computerized test with a fixed number of items is expressed as a statistical inference problem. The theory of optimal design is used to find the test that has the strongest power. A formal proof is provided showing that all items should have the same item characteristics, viz. high discrimination, low guessing and difficulty near the cutoff score, in order to give us the most powerful statistical test. An efficiency study shows how many times more non-optimal items are needed if we do not use optimal items in order to achieve the same power in the test. In paper II, a computerized mastery sequential test is examined using sequential analysis. The focus is on examining the sequential probability ratio test and to minimize the number of items in a test, i.e. to minimize the average sample number function, abbreviated as the ASN function. Conditions under which the ASN function decreases are examined. Further, it is shown that the optimal values are the same for item discrimination and item guessing, but differ for item difficulty compared with tests with fixed number of items. Paper III presents three simulation studies of sequential computerized mastery tests. Three cases are considered, viz. the examinees' responses are either identically distributed, not identically distributed, or not identically distributed together with estimation errors in the item characteristics. The simulations indicate that the observed results from the operating characteristic function differ significantly from the theoretical results. The mean number of items in a test, the distribution of test length and the variance depend on whether the true values of the item characteristics are known and whether they are iid or not. In paper IV computerized tests with both pretested items with known item parameters, and try-out items with unknown item parameters are considered. The aim is to study how the item parameters for try-out items can be estimated in a computerized test. Although the unknown examinees' abilities may act as nuisance parameters, the asymptotic variance of the item parameter estimators can be calculated. Examples show that a more reliable variance estimator yields much larger estimates of the variance than commonly used variance estimators.
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