| 1. |
- Nagaraja, Ch., et al.
(författare)
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Opening remarks
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about peoples preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in peoples perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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| 3. |
- Hvidtfeldt, Ulla A., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults
- 2010
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Ingår i: Circulation. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 121:14, s. 1589-1597
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background-Light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. This protective effect of alcohol, however, may be confined to middle-aged or older individuals. Coronary heart disease incidence is low in men <40 years of age and in women <50 years of age; for this reason, study cohorts rarely have the power to investigate the effects of alcohol on coronary heart disease risk in younger adults. This study examined whether the beneficial effect of alcohol on coronary heart disease depends on age. Methods and Results-In this pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies from North America and Europe including 192 067 women and 74 919 men free of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers at baseline, average daily alcohol intake was assessed at baseline with a food frequency or diet history questionnaire. An inverse association between alcohol and risk of coronary heart disease was observed in all age groups; hazard ratios among moderately drinking men (5.0 to 29.9 g/d) 39 to 50, 50 to 59, and >= 60 years of age were 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36 to 0.93), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.86), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.97) compared with abstainers. However, the analyses indicated a smaller incidence rate difference between abstainers and moderate consumers in younger adults (incidence rate difference, 45 per 100 000; 90% CI, 8 to 84) than in middle-aged (incidence rate difference, 64 per 100 000; 90% CI, 24 to 102) and older (incidence rate difference, 89 per 100 000; 90% CI, 44 to 140) adults. Similar results were observed in women. Conclusion-Alcohol is also associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease in younger adults; however, the absolute risk was small compared with middle-aged and older adults. (Circulation. 2010; 121: 1589-1597.)
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| 4. |
- Jakobsen, Marianne U, et al.
(författare)
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Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease : a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies.
- 2009
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 89:5, s. 1425-1432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake increases plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations; therefore, intake should be reduced to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Lower habitual intakes of SFAs, however, require substitution of other macronutrients to maintain energy balance. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations between energy intake from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and carbohydrates and risk of CHD while assessing the potential effect-modifying role of sex and age. Using substitution models, our aim was to clarify whether energy from unsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates should replace energy from SFAs to prevent CHD. DESIGN: This was a follow-up study in which data from 11 American and European cohort studies were pooled. The outcome measure was incident CHD. RESULTS: During 4-10 y of follow-up, 5249 coronary events and 2155 coronary deaths occurred among 344,696 persons. For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from PUFAs, there was a significant inverse association between PUFAs and risk of coronary events (hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.97); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.89). For a 5% lower energy intake from SFAs and a concomitant higher energy intake from carbohydrates, there was a modest significant direct association between carbohydrates and coronary events (hazard ratio: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14); the hazard ratio for coronary deaths was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.13). MUFA intake was not associated with CHD. No effect modification by sex or age was found. CONCLUSION: The associations suggest that replacing SFAs with PUFAs rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes.
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| 5. |
- Steen, Robert O., 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Coordination-mode pH-activated Molecular Switches based on Ruthenium(II) Oligopyridine Complex Architecture
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A number of [Ru(tpy)L] complexes (where L is a ligand based on the 6-thien-2-yl-2,2’-bipyridine motif) have been generated to study the ability of this terdentate motif to switch between a N,N,C and a N,N,S binding mode as a function of pH and irradiation. Whilst the parent system 6-thien-2-yl-2,2’-bipyridine (1) displayed facile switching between the orange and purple forms, heavier analogues displayed sluggish switching – most likely resulting from a large moment of inertia about the bond between the S/C-bonded thiophene ring and the chelating bipyridine unit. Prototypic unsymmetrical bimetallic complexes (C7S and C7C) have been generated in order to test if the binding mode of the switching unit can affect the oxidation potential of the remote [Ru(bpy)2(L)] unit. The results of cyclic voltammetry studies suggest that only weak electronic coupling between the metal cores exists, and that the coordination mode (N,N,C or N,N,S) of the thiophene moiety only has a small effect on the oxidation potential of the [Ru(bpy)2(L)] unit.
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| 6. |
- Steen, Robert O., et al.
(författare)
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The role of isomeric effects on the luminescence lifetimes and electrochemistry of oligothienyl-bridged dinuclear tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) complexes
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 1434-1948 .- 1099-0682. ; :11, s. 1784-1794
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The luminescence lifetimes (in CH 3CN at room temperature) and electrochemical potentials (in CH 3CN) of a range of mono- and bis(bidentate) 2,2′-bipyridine-capped oligothiophene-bridged Ru II complexes based on the 6-(2-thienyl)-2,2′-bipyridine and 4-(2-thienyl)-2,2′-bipyridine motifs have been measured. The redox potentials occurred in a very narrow range and showed only small shifts from that of [Ru(bpy) 3] 2+, which indicates that the inductive effects of the substituents on the 2,2′-bipyridine ligands are very similar across this series. In the complexes that incorporated a bithiophene moiety the oxidation of the bithienyl group occurred at higher potentials than the metal-centered Ru III/II oxidation. No or very weak interaction between the metal cores in the dinuclear complexes was observed. It was found that the luminescence lifetimes of the complexes where the attachment point of the oligothiophene bridge is in the 4-position of a 2,2′-bipyridine ligand were extended compared to [Ru(bpy) 3] 2+, whereas the luminescence was very short-lived (<30 ns) or completely quenched in the complexes where the oligothiophene bridge was attached in the 6-position. The difference in lifetimes is probably due to steric interactions between the thienyl bridge and the auxiliary bipyridyl ligands, resulting in disturbances in coordination symmetry of the metal core.
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