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  • Malmborg, Vilhelm, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Biomass burning emissions and influence of combustion variables in the cone-calorimeter
  • 2022
  • record:In_t: ; , s. 170-170
  • swepub:Mat_conferencepaper_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • Emissions from biomass burning are highly variable and depend on combustion conditions as well as fuel properties. Simultaneous emissions from pyrolysis, smouldering, and combustion of the biomass material(s) burning leads to uncertainties in how these processes contribute to emissions of individual or groups of compounds as well as to total particle emissions. These uncertainties are difficult to constrain when analysing real-world emissions but also when performing laboratory studies of e.g., cook-stove emissions in more controlled environments. This study was designed to reduce some of this variability by enabling highly reproducible conditions by controlling combustion via adjustment of a few key factors. The aim of this study was to identify how these factors influenced emissions, and how different pyrolysis and burn conditions in turn contributed to the particle emissions.In this study, we used a controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660‐5. We controlled fuel moisture content, the air flow to the combustion and O2 available for combustion, and the total heat flux (HF) to the fuel to study the independent effect of combustion variables on the aerosol emissions. In each experiment a small 10x10x1 cm piece of Birch-wood was put in a sample holder and combusted under controlled conditions. We conducted over 40 experiments, varying HF and flow conditions while monitoring fuel mass loss to quantify emission yields. An Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS, Aerodyne Billerica, USA), a multi‐wavelength aethalometer (AE33, Magee Sci., USA) and a particle size spectrometer (DMS5000, Cambustion, UK) measured time‐resolved evolution in particle properties during burns. Our results showed that pyrolysis conditions in the absence of O2 resulted in organic aerosol (OA) emissions with mass yields (g/g fuel) from a few percent at the lowest HF and up to ten percent at the highest HF. During combustion in air, equivalent black carbon (eBC) emissions were found to moderately increase with increasing HF. eBC was also found to increase when the O2 availability or combustion was reduced (O2 deficient combustion). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was here defined separately from OA in the AMS analysis. PAH emissions were low for pyrolysis and combustion at high air flows (excessive O2 availability). In contrast, O2 deficient combustion conditions resulted in dramatically increased PAH emissions, with yields as high as to 0.5% (g/g fuel). The relationship between PAH emissions and availability of air and O2 during combustion is illustrated in Figure 1. Future analyses include a more detailed PAH analysis including off-line GC-MS, thermal-optical carbon analysis, UV-VIS absorption of MeOH soluble OA. We will parameterize emissions based on the initial conditions such as HF, moisture content, air flow rate (cooling) and O2 availability. A mechanistic understanding of relationships between combustion variables and emissions can aid the development of cleaner biomass combustion technologies and will improve fire emission models.
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  • Novakovic, Maja, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Analysis of Exhaust PM Composition Emitted from Non-Sooting Volatile Alcohols
  • 2017
  • swepub:Mat_conferencepaper_t (swepub:level_scientificother_t)abstract
    • The combustion engine, a well-known source of aerosols, has seen remarkable improvements regarding efficiency and emissions. A drawback of the conventional compression ignition (CI) engine is its requirement for a high cetane number fuel, i.e. diesel which contains long carbon chains forming particulate matter (PM) when combusted in the conventional diesel combustion (CDC) process. A previous study of PM from partially premixed combustion (PPC) and CDC utilizing ethanol and methanol in a Scania D13 engine without emission after treatment systems (EATS) showed that the particle sizes from the alcohol combustion never exceeded 30 nm in diameter. Until now, the characteristics (origin, formation and constituents) of these nano-sized particles formed in the PPC and CDC process were unknown. It has been hypothesized that they originate from lubrication oil and engine wear.
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5.
  • Pagels, Joakim, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Chemical composition and mass emission factors of candle smoke particles
  • 2009
  • record:In_t: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502. ; 40:3, s. 193-208
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • The aim of this study is to investigate the physical and chemical properties of particle emissions from candle burning in indoor air. Two representative types of tapered candies were studied during steady burn, sooting burn and smouldering (upon extinction) under controlled conditions in a walk-in stainless steel chamber. Steady burn emits relatively high number emissions of ultrafine particles dominated by either phosphates or alkali nitrates. The likely source of these particles is flame retardant additives to the wick. Sooting burn in addition emits larger particles mainly consisting of agglomerated elemental carbon. This burning mode is associated with the highest mass emission factors. Particles emitted during smouldering upon extinction are dominated by organic matter. A mass closure was illustrated for the total mass concentration, the summed mass concentration from chemical analysis and the size-integrated mass concentration assessed from number distribution measurements using empirically determined effective densities for the three particle types. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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6.
  • Novakovic, Maja, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Fresh and Aged Organic Aerosol Emissions from Renewable Diesel-Like Fuels HVO and RME in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine
  • 2023
  • record:In_t: Technical paper - WCX SAE World Congress Experience. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; :2023-01-0392
  • swepub:Mat_conferencepaper_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • A modern diesel engine is a reliable and efficient mean of producing power. A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. Renewable diesel fuels are compatible with diesel engines without any major modifications. Rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME) and other fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are commonly used in low level blends with diesel. Lately, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) produced from vegetable oil and waste fat has found its way into the automotive market, being approved for use in diesel engines by several leading vehicle manufacturers, either in its pure form or in a mixture with the fossil diesel to improve the overall environmental footprint. There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from fossil diesel, HVO and RME fuels, particulate matter (PM) emissions were sampled at two exhaust positions of an experimental single cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine: at the exhaust manifold, and after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). Advanced analyzing techniques were used to characterize the composition of the organic PM. Special attention was paid to an operating point at 18% intake oxygen level with constant engine operating conditions where the emission level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was low, and carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) were relatively low. On-line aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) suggests that the chemical composition of the organic aerosols (OAs) was similar for HVO and diesel. However, RME both reduced the OA emissions and changed the composition with evidence for fuel signatures in the mass spectra. When the emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere, it was found that OA concentration strongly increased for all fuels. However, SOA formation was substantially lower for RME compared to the other fuels. The DOC strongly reduced primary organic emissions in both the gas (THC) and particle phase (OA) and only marginally affected OA composition. The DOC was also effective in reducing secondary organic aerosol formation upon atmospheric aging.
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7.
  • Novakovic, Maja, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine
  • 2019
  • record:In_t: SAE Technical Paper Series. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191. ; 2019:December
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was sampled while the inlet oxygen concentration was stepped from ambient to very low by varying EGR. Regulated gaseous emissions, mass of total black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA), particle size distributions and the soot nanostructure by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were studied. For all EGR levels, RME showed reduced BC emissions (factor 2 for low and 3-4 for higher EGR) and total particulate number count (TPNC) compared with diesel and B20. B20 was closer to diesel than RME in emission levels. RME opens a significant possibility to utilise higher levels of EGR and stay in the region of low NOx, while not producing more soot than with diesel and B20. Adding EGR to 15% inlet O2 did not affect the nanostructure of PM. A difference between the fuels was noticeable: branched agglomerates of diesel and RME were composed of many primary particles, whereas those of B20 were more often “melted” together (necking).
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8.
  • Saqnati, Mehri, et al. (creator_code:aut_t)
  • Hygroscopic behaviour of aerosol particles emitted from biomass fired grate boilers
  • 2005
  • record:In_t: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0278-6826 .- 1521-7388. ; 39:91, s. 919-930
  • swepub:Mat_article_t (swepub:level_refereed_t)abstract
    • This study focuses on the hygroscopic properties of submicrometer aerosol particles emitted from two small-scale district heating combustion plants (1 and 1.5 MW) burning two types of biomass fuels (moist forest residue and pellets). The hygroscopic particle diameter growth factor (Gf ) was measured when taken from a dehydrated to a humidified state for particle diameters between 30– 350 nm (dry size) using a Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA). Particles of a certain dry size all showed similar diameter growth and the Gf at RH = 90% for 110/100 nm particles was 1.68 in the 1MWboiler, and 1.5 in the 1.5MWboiler. These growth factors are considerably higher in comparison to other combustion aerosol particles such as diesel exhaust, and are the result of the efficient combustion and the high concentration of alkali species in the fuel. The observed water uptake could be explained using the Zdanovski-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule and a chemical composition of potassium salts only, taken from ion chromatography analysis of filter and impactor samples (KCl, K2SO4, andK2CO3). Agglomerated particles collapsed and became more spherical when initially exposed to a moderately high relative humidity. When diluted with hot particle-free air, the fractallike structures remained intact until humidified in the H-TDMA. A method to estimate the fractal dimension of the agglomerated combustion aerosol and to convert the measured mobility diameter hygroscopic growth to the more useful property volume diameter growth is presented. The fractal dimension was estimated to be ∼2.5.
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