| 1. |
- Axfors, Cathrine, et al.
(author)
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Cohort profile : the Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition (BASIC) study on perinatal depression in a population-based Swedish cohort
- 2019
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 9:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PURPOSE: With the population-based, prospective Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition (BASIC) cohort, we aim to investigate the biopsychosocial aetiological processes involved in perinatal depression (PND) and to pinpoint its predictors in order to improve early detection.PARTICIPANTS: From September 2009 to November 2018, the BASIC study at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, has enrolled 5492 women, in 6478 pregnancies, of which 46.3% first-time pregnancies and with an average age of 31.5 years. After inclusion around gestational week 16-18, participants are followed-up with data collection points around gestational week 32, at childbirth, as well as three times postpartum: after 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year. At the last follow-up, 70.8% still remain in the cohort.FINDINGS TO DATE: In addition to internet-based surveys with self-report instruments, participants contribute with biological samples, for example, blood samples (maternal and from umbilical cord), biopsies (umbilical cord and placenta) and microbiota samples. A nested case-control subsample also takes part in cognitive and emotional tests, heart rate variability tests and bioimpedance tests. Subprojects have identified various correlates of PND of psychological and obstetric origin in addition to factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system.FUTURE PLANS: In parallel with the completion of data collection (final follow-up November 2019), BASIC study data are currently analysed in multiple subprojects. Since 2012, we are conducting an ongoing follow-up study on the participants and their children up to 6 years of age (U-BIRTH). Researchers interested in collaboration may contact Professor Alkistis Skalkidou (corresponding author) with their request to be considered by the BASIC study steering committee.
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| 2. |
- Kask, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Anorexia nervosa in males : excess mortality and psychiatric co-morbidity in 609 Swedish in-patients
- 2017
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In: Psychological Medicine. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 47:8, s. 1489-1499
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder with high mortality.METHOD: A retrospective register study of 609 males who received hospitalized care for AN in Sweden between 1973 and 2010 was performed. The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and Cox regression-derived hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated as measures of mortality. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated to compare the mortality rates in patients with AN and controls both with and without psychiatric diagnoses.RESULTS: The SMR for all causes of death was 4.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-5.3]. For those patients with psychiatric co-morbidities, the SMR for all causes of death was 9.1 (95% CI 6.6-12.2), and for those without psychiatric co-morbidity, the SMR was 1.6 (95% CI 0.9-2.7). For the group of patients with alcohol use disorder, the SMR for natural causes of death was 11.5 (95% CI 5.0-22.7), and that for unnatural causes was 35.5 (95% CI 17.7-63.5). The HRs confirmed the increased mortality for AN patients with psychiatric co-morbidities, even after adjusting for confounders. The IRRs revealed no significant difference in mortality patterns between the AN patients with psychiatric co-morbidity and the controls with psychiatric diagnoses, with the exceptions of alcohol use disorder and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, which seemed to confer a negative synergistic effect on mortality.CONCLUSION: Mortality in male AN patients was significantly elevated compared with the general population among only the patients with psychiatric co-morbidities. Specifically, the presence of alcohol and other substance use disorders was associated with more profound excess mortality.
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| 3. |
- Makris, Georgios D., et al.
(author)
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Season of treatment initiation with antidepressants and suicidal behavior : A population-based cohort study in Sweden
- 2017
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In: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 215, s. 245-255
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Decreased binding capacity of SERT in the prefrontal cortex has been observed in both suicide victims and suicide attempters. Moreover, some studies have shown that SERT has a seasonal variation with lower binding capacity in the spring and summer, which coincides with a seasonal peak of suicides. Our aim was to explore whether the season of treatment initiation with antidepressants is associated with suicide or suicide attempt and compare it with the underlying suicide seasonality in the general population.Methods: Using Swedish registers, patients who initiated treatment with an antidepressant were followed up to three months for suicidal behavior. Cox regression analyses were used.Results were compared with the underlying seasonal pattern by calculating standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for suicides and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for suicide attempts.Results: Patients aged years had higher risk for suicide when initiating antidepressant treatment in the summer, and also a higher risk for suicide attempt when initiating treatment in the spring and summer. Young patients (0-24 years) presented a higher risk for suicide attempt when initiating treatment in the autumn. Patients with previous suicide attempt had a seasonal pattern, with a higher risk to carry out a suicide attempt in the summer and autumn. Results from the SMR and SIR calculations numerically support these findings.Limitations: We used information of filling an antidepressant prescription as a proxy of actual antidepressant treatment. Patients with combination, augmentation therapy or those switching antidepressant during followup were excluded. Thus, our results refer to less complicated psychopathology.Conclusions: Our results indicate an interaction between biological and health care-related factors for the observed seasonal pattern of suicidal behavior in the elderly, whereas psychological and societal factors may be more important for the seasonality observed in the younger patients.
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| 4. |
- Makris, Georgios D., et al.
(author)
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Sunshine, temperature and suicidal behaviour in patients treated with antidepressants: an explorative nested case-control study
- 2021
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In: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1, s. 10178-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our aim was to explore if different exposure windows for sunshine or temperature are associated with increased suicidal behaviour among people starting antidepressant treatment. 307 completed and 1674 attempted suicides were included as cases in the conditional logistic regression analyses, while controlling for potential confounders, including season, as well as temperature and hours of sunshine when these variables were not the main exposure variable. Ten controls were matched to each case using risk-set sampling. The role of season, age, and sex was examined with likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) with and without the respective interaction terms and with stratified analyses. There was no overall association between temperature or sunshine with suicidal behaviour. Age was a significant effect modifier for suicide and suicide attempt for both sunshine and temperature exposure. In stratified analyses, an increase of one degree Celsius in the average daily temperature during the last 4 weeks was associated, in the unadjusted model, with a 3% increase in the rate of suicide (p = 0.023) amongst older patients (65+). In the same age group, an increase of 1 h in the average daily sunshine during the last 4 weeks was associated with an 8% increase in the rate of suicide attempt (p = 0.002), while the respective increase for the exposure period of 5–8 weeks was 7% (p = 0.007). An increase of one degree Celsius in the average daily temperature during the last 4 weeks was associated with a 3% increase in the rate of suicide attempt (p = 0.007). These associations did not retain statistical significance in the adjusted models. No associations were found in the other age groups. Our results point to a possible effect modification by age, with higher risk of suicidal behavior associated with an increase in sunshine and temperature found in the older age groups.
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| 5. |
- Tillman, Karin K., 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Academic Achievement in children with orofacial clefts-a nationwide study in Sweden
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Objective: To investigate if academic achievement among children with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFC) differs compared to nonaffected children.Methods: A register-based cohort of all children born with Cleft lip (CL), Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) and Cleft Palate only (CPO) in Sweden between 1973 and 2004, with records in the Swedish school grade register (SGR) (n=6286), was compared to a matched community cohort (n=61352). Outcome measures were academic achievements in mathematics and Swedish in school years 3, 5, 6, 9 and upper secondary school, all subjects’ grades in schoolyear 9, and university degree. Binomial-, ordinal logistic-, linear-, and binary logistic regression were used, and a number of covariates were adjusted for.Results: In the third school year, children with CLP and CPO demonstrated lower odds of passing the mathematics’ national standard tests (NSTs) (CLP; aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.95 and CPO; aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.418-0.697). CPO was associated with lower odds of passing Swedish NST (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.40-0.72). In the ninth school year, students with CLP and CPO had lower grades in mathematics (CLP; aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.97 and CPO; aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.91), lower average percentile grade (CLP; coefficient -2.71, 95% CI (- 4.07)-(-1.36) and CPO; -3.23, 95% CI (-4.715)-(-1.736)) and CLP also presented lower Swedish grades (aOR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.80-0.99). At upper secondary school, students with CLP and CPO had lower grades in mathematics (CLP; aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.98 and CPO; aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-0.999). Only individuals with CPO had reduced odds of graduating from university (aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.665-0.983).Conclusions: Our findings of worse academic achievements in children with OFC throughout the educational system emphasize the need to screen children with clefts for learning difficulties to provide additional support in school.
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| 6. |
- Tillman, Karin K., 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Bilateral orofacial clefts confer increased risk of psychiatric morbidity relative to unilateral clefts
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- BackgroundNonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFC) are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare children with bilateral clefts with unilateral clefts regarding psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe utilized data on all children born in Sweden between 1973 and 2012 with unilateral cleft lip (UCL), bilateral cleft lip (BCL), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). We performed Cox regression analyses with direct comparisons between bilateral and unilateral clefts compared to matched community cohorts and adjusted for confounders.ResultsChildren with BCL showed risk increases for any psychiatric disorder (aHR 2.13, 95% CI 1.04-4.36), including intellectual disability (aHR 5.31, 95% CI 1.29-21.78) compared to UCL. Children with BCLP demonstrated risk increases for any psychiatric disorder (aHR 1.55, 95% CI 1.20-2.01), including speech and language disorders (aHR 1.99, 95% CI 1.00-3.97), neurodevelopmental disorders (aHR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11-2.47) and other psychiatric disorders (aHR 1.54, 95% CI 1.11-2.15), such as personality disorders (aHR 5.76, 95% CI 2.13- 15.55) compared to UCLP.ConclusionsThis large nationwide register study shows for the first time that individuals with bilateral clefts demonstrate elevated risks of psychiatric disorders compared to unilateral clefts.
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| 7. |
- Tillman, Karin K.
(author)
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Craniofacial malformations and psychiatric disorders from a neurodevelopmental perspective
- 2020
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Orofacial clefts (OFC) and craniosynostosis (CS) are the two most common craniofacial malformations. Of note, craniofacial abnormalities share some overlapping risk factors with psychiatric disorders. Thus, this thesis aimed to study psychiatric and educational outcomes in this group.In study I and III we examined psychiatric outcomes among children with nonsyndromic OFC stratified on cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), cleft palate only (CPO), unilateral and bilateral CL and CLP. In study II we studied associations between nonsyndromic CS (NSCS) and psychiatric disorders. Study IV assessed national standardised tests in Swedish and mathematics, school grades and university degrees in children with CL, CLP and CPO. Children with craniofacial malformations were identified through the Swedish National Patient Register and compared to a cohort from the general population that was matched for month and year of birth, sex and county of birth. In addition, children with craniofacial malformations were compared to their unaffected siblings.Individuals with OFC presented risk increases for intellectual disability, language disorders, psychosis, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioural disorders in childhood. CPO showed the most robust associations, followed in descending order by CLP and CL. Nonaffected siblings had a lower risk of psychiatric disorders. Females generally had higher risks for psychiatric comorbidity (Study I).Children with bilateral clefts had higher risk increases for psychiatric disorders compared to children with unilateral clefts. We also found that females with bilateral CLP showed higher risks for intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental disorders compared to males with bilateral CLP (Study III).Risk increases for any psychiatric disorder including intellectual disability, language disorders, other neurodevelopmental disorders and other psychiatric disorders, were seen in individuals with NSCS. In the crude analyses full siblings with NSCS, as compared to nonaffected siblings, were more likely to be diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, intellectual disability, language disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. The higher risk for any psychiatric disorder and intellectual disability remained after adjusting for confounders. Females displayed borderline higher risk increases than males (Study II).Finally, children with OFC had lower school performance almost throughout the educational years, especially in mathematics. Lower academic achievement was most evident in children with OFC without a concurrent psychiatric disorder. In the ninth school year and upper secondary school female academic outcomes were more negatively affected than male academic outcomes (Study IV).In summary, craniofacial malformations were associated with increased risks for multiple psychiatric disorders and lower academic achievement.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Tillman, Karin K., et al.
(author)
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Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders
- 2020
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In: Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1963). - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0032-1052 .- 1529-4242. ; 146:2, s. 355-365
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Craniosynostosis is one of the most common craniofacial malformations demanding surgical treatment in infancy. Data on overall psychiatric morbidity among children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remain limited. This study investigated the risk of psychiatric disorders in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.METHODS: The authors reviewed a register-based cohort of all individuals born with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis in Sweden between 1973 to 1986 and 1997 to 2012 (n = 1238). The nonsyndromic craniosynostosis cohort was compared with a matched community cohort (n = 12,380) and with unaffected full siblings (n = 1485). The authors investigated the risk of psychiatric disorders, suicide attempts, and suicides by using Cox regression adjusted for perinatal and somatic factors, season and birth year, sex, parental socioeconomic factors, and parental psychiatric disorders.RESULTS: Children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis had a higher risk of any psychiatric disorder (adjusted Cox-derived hazard ratio, 1.70; 95 percent CI, 1.43 to 2.02), including intellectual disability (adjusted Cox-derived hazard ratio, 4.96; 95 percent CI, 3.20 to 7.70), language disorders (adjusted Cox-derived hazard ratio, 2.36; 95 percent CI, 1.57 to 3.54), neurodevelopmental disorders (adjusted Cox-derived hazard ratio, 1.30; 95 percent CI, 1.01 to 1.69), and other psychiatric disorders (adjusted Cox-derived hazard ratio, 1.43; 95 percent CI, 1.11 to 1.85). Full siblings with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis were more likely, in the crude analyses, to be diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, including intellectual disability, language disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders compared with nonaffected siblings. The higher risk for any psychiatric disorder and intellectual disability remained after adjusting for confounders.CONCLUSIONS: Children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis demonstrated higher risks of any psychiatric disorder compared with children without nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. This risk cannot fully be explained by familial influences (i.e., genetic or environmental factors).CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.
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