| 1. |
- Burstein, R., et al.
(författare)
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Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 574:7778, s. 353-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Heywood, I., et al.
(författare)
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Inflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 573:7773, s. 235-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Galactic Centre contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of four million Suns1 within an environment that differs markedly from that of the Galactic disk. Although the black hole is essentially quiescent in the broader context of active galactic nuclei, X-ray observations have provided evidence for energetic outbursts from its surroundings2. Also, although the levels of star formation in the Galactic Centre have been approximately constant over the past few hundred million years, there is evidence of increased short-duration bursts3, strongly influenced by the interaction of the black hole with the enhanced gas density present within the ring-like central molecular zone4 at Galactic longitude |l| < 0.7 degrees and latitude |b| < 0.2 degrees. The inner 200-parsec region is characterized by large amounts of warm molecular gas5, a high cosmic-ray ionization rate6, unusual gas chemistry, enhanced synchrotron emission7,8, and a multitude of radio-emitting magnetized filaments9, the origin of which has not been established. Here we report radio imaging that reveals a bipolar bubble structure, with an overall span of 1 degree by 3 degrees (140 parsecs × 430 parsecs), extending above and below the Galactic plane and apparently associated with the Galactic Centre. The structure is edge-brightened and bounded, with symmetry implying creation by an energetic event in the Galactic Centre. We estimate the age of the bubbles to be a few million years, with a total energy of 7 × 1052 ergs. We postulate that the progenitor event was a major contributor to the increased cosmic-ray density in the Galactic Centre, and is in turn the principal source of the relativistic particles required to power the synchrotron emission of the radio filaments within and in the vicinity of the bubble cavities.
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| 3. |
- Shimwell, T. W., et al.
(författare)
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The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: II. First data release
- 2019
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 622
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is an ongoing sensitive, high-resolution 120-168 MHz survey of the entire northern sky for which observations are now 20% complete. We present our first full-quality public data release. For this data release 424 square degrees, or 2% of the eventual coverage, in the region of the HETDEX Spring Field (right ascension 10h45m00s to 15h30m00s and declination 45°00′00″ to 57°00′00″) were mapped using a fully automated direction-dependent calibration and imaging pipeline that we developed. A total of 325 694 sources are detected with a signal of at least five times the noise, and the source density is a factor of ∼10 higher than the most sensitive existing very wide-area radio-continuum surveys. The median sensitivity is S144 MHz = 71 μJy beam -1 and the point-source completeness is 90% at an integrated flux density of 0.45 mJy. The resolution of the images is 6″ and the positional accuracy is within 0.2″. This data release consists of a catalogue containing location, flux, and shape estimates together with 58 mosaic images that cover the catalogued area. In this paper we provide an overview of the data release with a focus on the processing of the LOFAR data and the characteristics of the resulting images. In two accompanying papers we provide the radio source associations and deblending and, where possible, the optical identifications of the radio sources together with the photometric redshifts and properties of the host galaxies. These data release papers are published together with a further ∼20 articles that highlight the scientific potential of LoTSS.
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| 4. |
- Cordoza, Makayla, et al.
(författare)
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Feelings of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization Predict Self-Report of Trouble Sleeping for Nurses Working in Hospital Environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sleep. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0161-8105 .- 1550-9109.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction American nurses report sleeping an average of 6.8 hours per night on workdays, which is less than the recommended 7-9 hours. Burnout, which is comprised of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA), is common among nurses and may contribute to insufficient sleep quantity and sleep disruption. We aimed to investigate if burnout, measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), predicted self-report of trouble sleeping for nurses working in the hospital. Methods This is a secondary report of a prospective crossover trial of nurses assigned to either 6 weeks of daily work-breaks in an outdoor hospital garden or 6 weeks of indoor-only breaks. After a 1-week washout period, break assignments were switched for an additional 6 weeks. Nurses completed the MBI at the beginning and end of each 6-week period. Each workday, nurses completed a visual analog scale reporting no trouble sleeping to much trouble sleeping immediately following a break. For this analysis, we used initial MBI subscale score (EE, DP, PA) as a predictor of mean trouble sleeping over the subsequent 6-week period regardless of break location using generalized estimating equations. Results A total of 29 nurses (27 females, mean age 42.8 years) participated. Most (n=20) worked dayshift, and 9 worked night shift. Initial MBI subscale score, regardless of break location, was predictive of mean self-report of trouble sleeping over the subsequent 6-week period for EE (p<0.001) and DP (p=0.004), but not for PA (p=0.48). When divided by break assignment (indoor-only vs garden), results were similar for EE (indoor p<0.001; garden p<0.001), DP (indoor p<0.001; garden p<0.001), and PA (indoor p=0.20; garden p=0.49). Conclusion The MBI subscales of EE and DP were predictive of self-report of trouble sleeping for nurses in this study. Further research using objective measures of sleep are needed to confirm and extend these preliminary observations. Support (If Any) Funding for this research was provided by the TKF Foundation as part of the National Open Spaces Sacred Places Initiative.
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| 5. |
- Cordoza, Makayla, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of nurses taking daily work breaks in a hospital garden on Burnout
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Journal of Critical Care. - : AACN Publishing. - 1062-3264 .- 1937-710X. ; 27:6, s. 508-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Nurses working in hospital environments are at risk for burnout. Exposure to nature has psychological benefits, but the effect of hospital gardens on nurse burnout is less understood. Objective To compare the effect on nurse burnout of taking daily work breaks in a hospital-integrated garden with the effect of indoor-only breaks. Methods A prospective crossover trial was conducted of nurses assigned to either 6 weeks of a work break in an outdoor hospital garden or 6 weeks of indoor-only breaks. After a 1-week washout period, break assignments were switched for a subsequent 6 weeks. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered at the beginning and end of each 6-week period, and a Present Functioning Visual Analogue Scale was completed at the start and end of each break to capture immediate psychological symptoms. Change scores were analyzed by using generalized estimating equations. Results For 29 nurses, for garden compared with indoor breaks, significant improvement was apparent in scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales for emotional exhaustion (4.5 vs -0.2; P < .001) and depersonalization (1.8 vs 0.0; P = .02) but not for personal accomplishment (-0.6 vs -0.0; P = .55). Compared with indoor breaks, total symptom scores on the Present Functioning Visual Analog Scale improved significantly when nurses took a break in the garden (garden vs indoor breaks, 4.0 vs 2.4; P = .04). Conclusions Taking daily work breaks in an outdoor garden may be beneficial in mitigating burnout for nurses working in hospital environments.
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| 6. |
- Ulrich, Roger, 1946, et al.
(författare)
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ICU Patient Family Stress Recovery During Breaks in a Hospital Garden and Indoor Environments
- 2020
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Ingår i: HERD. - : SAGE Publications. - 2167-5112 .- 1937-5867. ; 13:2, s. 83-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives : Measure the immediate change in intensive care unit (ICU) family members’ state stress levels from the beginning to the end of a person’s visit to a hospital garden and compare the changes produced by the garden with those associated with spending time in indoor hospital environments intended for respite and relaxation. Background : No previous research has compared the efficacy of different physical environments as interventions to foster stress reduction in family members of ICU patients, a group of hospital visitors known to experience high levels of distress. Method : A convenience sample of 42 ICU patient family (from 42 different families) completed the Present Functioning Visual Analogue Scales (PFVAS) before and after each visit (128 total visits) to a garden, an atrium/café, or ICU waiting room. Results : Stress scores significantly declined (i.e., improved) from the start to the end of a break on all PFVAS subscales (p <.0001) in both the garden and indoors locations. However, it is noteworthy that garden breaks resulted in significantly greater improvement in the “sadness” scale than breaks in indoor locations (p =.03), and changes in all five other PFVAS scores showed somewhat more reduction of stress for breaks spent in the garden than indoors, although these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion : Creating an unlocked garden with abundant nature located close to an ICU can be an effective intervention for significantly mitigating state stress in family members of ICU patients and can be somewhat more effective than indoor areas expressly designed for family respite and relaxation.
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