| 1. |
- Håkansson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Torrefaction and Gasification of Hydrolysis Residue
- 2008
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Ingår i: 16th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition: Proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When producing ethanol from lignocellulosic material using hydrolysis combined with fermentation, a large amount of residue consisting of mainly lignin is generated. A significant amount of energy is retained in this residue which may be utilised as a measure for the process to become economically viable. One possibility is as fuel in a gasification process for synthesis gas production, improving the fuel yield and the overall plant efficiency. Furthermore, the pre-treatment method torrefaction has been shown to significantly improve biomass fuel characteristics such as energy density, moisture content, feeding and hydrophobic properties, as well as significantly facilitate particle size reduction. Therefore, the process chain from hydrolysis residue to synthesis gas was investigated and demonstrated in the present work through bench-scale experiments in a batch torrefaction reactor and a bubbling fluidised bed gasifier. The results from the torrefaction work confirmed the improved fuel characteristics and the effects of process variables were evaluated by factorial designed experiments. The torrefaction residence time was identified as the most influential variable. The results from reactivity tests and gasification experiments indicate that hydrolysis residue and corresponding torrefied residue are suitable for synthesis gas production, with some improved feedstock handling characteristics for the latter.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Sundqvist, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Fullerenes under pressure : Structure, order, and disorder
- 1996
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Ingår i: High Pressure Science and Technology. - Singapore : World Scientific. - 9810225474 ; , s. 697-701
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The weak intermolecular interactions in solid C60 and other fullerenes make crystal structures and other properties very sensitive to applied pressure. We review recent results on the properties and phases of fullerenes under pressure, concentrating on the low-p range up to about 1 GPa. Subjects discussed include compression and transport studies, orientational and rotational disorder, the glassy crystal transition, and pressure-induced polymerization.
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| 4. |
- Sundqvist, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Orientational disorder and the p-T phase diagram of fullerenes
- 1995
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Ingår i: Fullerenes: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, volume 2. - Pennington, NJ : The Electrochemical Society. - 1566771048 ; , s. 891-905
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The translational and orientational structures of fullerenes are very sensitive to pressure, p, because of the weak intermolecular potentials. We have recently carried out high-p studies of the thermal conductivity lambda and the bulk modulus B of C60 and C70, and we show here how the p-T phase diagrams of these materials can be mapped from data for B and lambda and a knowledge of the structures at zero pressure. We discuss how B and lambda are modified by translational, rotational and orientational disorder in the materials, mainly showing examples related to the orientational substructure and its evolution with T and p in C60. We also discuss briefly the structures and phase diagrams of C70 and C61H2, and we show preliminary experimental results suggesting that the structure of high-p, high-T treated C60 is probably not polymeric as recently suggested by several groups.
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