| 1. |
- Hogland, William, et al.
(författare)
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Storage of organic materials, solid waste and biofuels - Risks for fires and fire fighting
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate changes together with the increased scarcity of raw material and natural resources place pressure on politicians, industry and society to optimize energy utilization and material recovery. The recycling and sorting of the solid waste and the need for long and short term storage is therefore steadily increasing as is the development of different types of storageand transportation of biofuels. Many of these stores are or will be located close to settlements, town districts and buildings of high monetary value which will increase the potential risk with associated fires and their effect on public health. Methods for the handling and storing organic materials are many, but whether after a short or long time, these all have a propensity to end up with self ignition. Sweden has increased the number of incinerators for solid waste by almost 40 % during the new millennium. Further, numerous upgrades of old incinerators have been carried out and a large volume of storage of waste fuels is needed. This paper presents experience from storage of waste fuels, risks of fire, and issues associated with fire fighting, emissions, and financial impact. Discussions of future trends for the storage of organic material, waste and biofuels as well as the risk of energy and material loss and environmental pollution by smoke and danger for health are included as well as the need for further knowledge and research.
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| 2. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, et al.
(författare)
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Storage Techniques for Municipal Solid Waste, Frequency of Fires, and Their Related Emissions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Venice 2010 - The Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8-11 November, 2010. - Venice, Italy : CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center. ; , s. 1-15
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this study was to gather the missing information regarding storage techniques (i.e., loose compact, hard compact, cylindrical bales, rectangular bales) and self-ignition in storage sites for organic recyclable and solid-waste fuels from a life-cycle perspective. There is a need to compile and analyze information regarding self-ignition events because there is a lack of such studies. Its importance is evident from the fact that millions of euros are lost every year in Sweden because of spontaneous fires. These fires cause loss of valuable material and injuries to people, and they are also associated with intense environmental pollution, in particular in the form of smoke and water pollution. This study is based on a questionnaire survey among the members of the Swedish waste management association (Avfall Sverige), whose members service 95% of the Swedish population. The response to the survey was 60%. A total of 96 major surface fires have been reported in the past 10 years at storage sites. 74% of these 96 fire incidents were due to self-ignition, 11% were due to known causes other than self-ignition and 15% were due to unknown reasons. In reference to the type of storage, 50% of these 96 fire incidents took place at sites that store both household and industrial waste, 20% at sites that store only industrial waste, and 30% at sites that store household, industrial, and agricultural waste. Regarding the most frequent cause of fire at any storage site, 33% of respondents relate the fire incidents with extreme hot weather conditions, 8% of respondents report that fire incidents at their storage site are mostly an aftereffect of rainfall, 13% relate the fire incidents with cold weather in December, and 46% of respondents experienced the fire incidents throughout the whole year. Furthermore, detailed statistics were collected regarding different storage techniques followed for municipal solid waste (MSW) in relation to contents and final destination processing plant. It was found that loose compact storage is the most popular way of storing MSW, followed by cylindrical bales. Based on data covering the last 10 years, the average annual amount of emissions of dioxins is (upper/lower bound) TCDD 0.03/0.12 g, PAH 0.98/3.7 tons, PCB 1.66/6.31 g, Hg 16.51/62.59 g, and VOC 18/68 tons from MSW storage fires in Sweden. Estimated emissions of dioxins from fires in waste storage sites correspond to emissions from the incineration of about 0.017 million tons of waste (Avfall Sverige data for 2008). In total, Sweden incinerated 0.35 million tons per annum during the period studied.
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| 3. |
- Koppejan, Japp, et al.
(författare)
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Health and safety Aspects of Solid Biomass Storage, Transportation and Feeding
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This publication focuses on the health and safety issues of the supply chain of solid biofuels with the objective to highlight commonly used mitigation methodologies to promote a better working environment when dealing with solid biofuels. It has been compiled as a joint effort by experts active in Tasks 32, 36, 37 and 40 of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement, with their own specific fields of expertise. Only through this cooperation, it was possible to touch upon the full range of issues in one publication that one may come across when developing projects in which solid biomass fuels are produced, traded or used. The properties of a biomass material and the intended use determine how the material should be safely transported and stored. Self-heating, off-gassing and dust explosions are significant challenges for the industry that have already resulted in significant losses of capital investments and even tragic loss of life. Likewise, exposure to biologically active material, such as moulds and spores may form a serious hazard for the health of workers involved. With the growth of the bioenergy sector, it is important not only that opportunities for bioenergy are implemented in an efficient economic manner, but also safely.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the Self-heating Potential of Wood Pellets
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. The increased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets result in increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore, important. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. The experimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to medium-scale storage tests and includes several different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop small scale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurring in the pellets as well as characterising it. Isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) has been used as small scale screening test method and the results has then been validated with crossing point tests and in medium scale tests (1 m3). Thirteen samples from different types of pellets have been ranked relative to each other in micro calorimeter tests and two pellet types; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were also tested for validation in crossing point and medium scale. The results clearly reveal that different activity levels of the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods.
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| 5. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Medium-scale reference tests and calculations of spontaneous ignition in wood pellets - the LUBA project
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. The increased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets result in increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore, important. The aim of present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. This report compares medium scale tests of pellets in bulk with smaller screening test; micro calorimeter and crossing point. Two types of pellets; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were compared. Kinetic parameters from the crossing point and micro calorimeter tests was used as input data for Frank-Kamenetskii calculations and compared with the medium scale test results. Calculations of the critical ambient temperature and time to self-ignition have also been preformed on four different types of representative types of full scale storages that either exist today or might be possible in the future. The results clearly reveal that results in medium scale can be predicted by using results from small scale screening methods like isothermal calorimetry or crossing point. The small scale test methods show the same indications as medium scale when comparing reactive and less active pellet types. The medium-scale tests were effective in separating the self-heating activity of the two types of pellets investigated.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Small scale screening tests to assess the self-heating potential of wood pellets
- 2013
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Ingår i: Interflam 2013. - London, UK : Interscience Communications. ; , s. 623-628
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. The experimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to medium-scale storage tests and includes different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop small scale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurring in the pellets as well as characterising it. Isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) has been used as small scale screening test method and the results has then been validated with crossing point tests and in medium scale tests (1 m3). Thirteen samples from different types of pellets have been ranked relative to each other in micro calorimeter tests and two pellet types; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were also tested for validation in crossing point and medium scale. The results clearly reveal that different activity levels of the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature Measurements and Examination of Self-heating in Large Scale storage of Wood Pellets
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014. - Jönköping, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper summarizes the experimental data from a large-scale storage test performed within the European project called SafePellets. Temperature measurements were made inside a silo with a capacity of storing 3000 ton of wood pellets, from August to October in 2013. The purpose of the test was to examine the self-heating of the wood pellets, where and when it occurs, how it spreads and if it could be connected to certain events. For temperature measurements, both the temperature cables belonging to the silo temperature surveillance system and thermocouples mounted by SP at the cables and on the in/out-side walls of the silo were used. The results clearly reveal that self-heating occurs almost instantly after start of filling the silo and temperatures above 40 °C inside the pellets bulk is regular. The temperature surveillance system, which was set to give an alarm signal for high temperatures, was activated several times during the test period and temperatures exceeding 60 °C were registered at several occasions. Measurements above the pellet surface also show that this headspace temperature varies much with the outside ambient temperature and the sunlight radiation. A sunny summer’s day, the headspace temperature could easily reach above 40 °C, which will influence the pellet bulk. The project also emphasized an important problem when it comes to silo storage. The problem of temperature sensor cables inside the silo not always hanging where they are supposed to be was observed in the test and dealt with.
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| 8. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Safety of Waste Storage
- 2010
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS. ; , s. 51-62
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The EC Directive on landfill of waste and the development of different national regulations, together with the need and interest for biofuels, have resulted in more extensive handling and storage of these products. Calorific value and bulk density are for most fractions lower than for example oil, which translates into a further increase in volumes of fuel needed for a given amount of energy. Since the material is to be used as a high-grade fuel, higher requirements are placed on the storage technology. There will also probably be strong desire to place stocks in direct connection with for example a specific industry or co-generation plant, to minimize the need for transport. Overall, this means that very large production and handling facilities with large stocks will be required. These new types of storages also mean new types of risks. There is therefore a great need for knowledge on the risks for spontaneous ignition, fire characteristics, and risk for fire spread for these fuels and storages. If a fire occurs it can lead to significant problems with emissions and in many cases the rescue services have problems with handling these fires. These fires can also lead to large economic losses. It is, therefore, important to know both how to avoid and how to facilitate extinguishment of these fires.In the paper some trends regarding storage of waste are discussed together with the risks for self-heating and emissions. Experiences from real fires are presented and some existing guidelines for storage of waste are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Self-heating and Off-gassing from Biomass Pellets during Storage
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence,large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation line. Theincreased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets resultin increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition inwood pellets storages and accidents due to CO intoxication have been reported.Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore,important. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimatingrisks for self-heating of and off-gassing from pellets stored in bulk. Theexperimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to large-scalestorage tests and includes several different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop smallscale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating andoff-gassing, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurringin the pellets as well as characterising it. In addition to using said methods,isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) and Oxipres (oxygen depletion), theformation of different gases (e.g. aldehydes) was analyzed. Thirteen samples from different types of pellets havebeen ranked relative to each other. Effects of processes like aging can also beseen in the results. The results clearly reveal that different activity levelsof the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods and thatthere are certain correlations between off-gassing and heat development, althoughthese are not yet fully understood.
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| 10. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Small-scale methods for assessment of risk for self-heating of biomass pellets
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One major concern when it comes to storage of wood pellets is the risk for self-heating. The propensity for self-heating varies between different types of pellets. It also depends on how the pellets have been handled and on the storage conditions, e.g. the temperature and humidity. Within the framework of the research project “Large scale Utilization of Biopellets for Energy Applications –LUBA” different laboratory-scale methods have been used to study different thermal properties and the propensity for self-heating for different types of pellets. The different methods used include micro calorimetry also called isothermal calorimetry, basket-heating tests and transient plane source (TPS). In total 21 different pellets samples were tested in the micro calorimeter, three in the basket-heating test and three in the TPS. The samples showed significant differences in propensity for self-heating. Differences could be seen both between different types of pellets and depending on the age of the pellets. Comparing the reactivity rates from the basket-heating tests and those from the isothermal calorimetry tests with the same type of pellets, both methods gave the same ranking of reactivity. It was shown that the TPS-method is applicable for the determination of thermal properties both for measurements on single pellets and for measurement on bulk pellet material.
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