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- Bos, Peter MJ, et al.
(författare)
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Human risk assessment of single exposure in chemical incidents : present situation and new and increasing chemical incident scenarios
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The release of chemicals from their containment, either accidentally or deliberately, is one of the most relevant risk scenarios in Europe. A human health risk assessment is a prerequisite for chemical incident prevention, preparedness and response. European guidance and harmonized Acute Exposure Reference Values (AERVs) are urgently needed for effective human health risk assessment in the context of chemical incidents.At present, no broad European consensus is available on guidance for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication purposes in case of chemical incidents. A review of legislation, existing or currently under revision, suggests that harmonized European guidance is not expected to be developed in the short term. An increasing number of European countries are developing their own procedures to assess the human health risk of chemical incident scenarios. The AERVs thus produced serve different purposes and are not interchangeable. Lack of international harmonization seriously obstructs a consistent response in chemical emergencies with transboundary effects within and beyond the EU, will hamper multinational companies attempting to make consistent risk assessments worldwide and will hinder consistent and transparent assessment, and management and communication of risks by different stakeholders.Emerging chemical incident risk scenarios and risk drivers have been identified. It is recommended to monitor more frequently at an early stage for new trends in chemicals, scenarios and risks from chemical incidents. A need for a specific approach to deal with single exposure to mixtures of chemicals is identified, as well as for specific guidance to adequately protect professional first responders.
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- Kotlikoff, Laurence J., et al.
(författare)
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Social Contracts as Assets : A Possible Solution to the Time-Consistency Problem
- 1987
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a new solution to the time-consistency problem that appears capable of enforcing ex ante policy in a variety of settings in which other enforcement mechanisms do not work. The solution involves formulating a social contract, institution, or agreement that specifies the optimal ex ante policy. The social contract is effectively sold by succesive old generations to successive young generations, who pay for the social contract through the payment of taxes. Both old and young generations have an economic incentive to fulfill the social contract. For the old generation, breaking the social contract makes the social contract valueless, and the generation suffers a capital loss by not being able to sell it. For the young generation the economic advantage of purchasing the existing social contract exceeds its price as well as the economic gain from setting up the a new social contract.
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- Lindblad, S, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluering av forskningsprogrammene PRAKSISFOU og UTDANNING2020
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I fokus för denna utvärdering är omfattande satsningar – sammanlagt närmare 700 miljoner norska kronor – på forskning inom det utbildningsvetenskapliga området i Norge. Det är framförallt tre behov som pekas ut och som ska öka kvaliteten och genomslagskraften hos denna norska forskning, *att åtgärda skillnader i forskningskompetenser och forskningsresurser grundade i strukturella förhållanden inom högskolefältet i Norge med uppdelning i universitet, högskolor och institut *att utveckla praktikinriktad eller praxisrelevant forskning inom utbildningsområdet, då särskilt med tanke på lärarutbildningarnas och lärarprofessionens kunskapsbehov *att få till stånd högkvalitativ och internationellt inriktad forskning, då gärna med mång- eller tvärvetenskapliga karakteristika inom det utbildningsvetenskapliga fältet.
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