| 1. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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A joint power and desalination plant for Sinai and the Gaza Strip
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. - 1606-9749. ; 11:5, s. 586-595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Desalination can be a cost-effective way to produce fresh water and possibly electricity. The Gaza Strip has had a complex hydro-political situation for many years. Gaza is bordered by the Mediterranean sea in the west, by Israel in the north and east and by Egypt in the south. Water and electricity consumption in the Gaza Strip is expected to increase in the future due to the increasing in population. In this paper, a solution for Sinai and the Gaza Strip is suggested involving the building of a joint power and desalination plant, located in Egypt close to the border of Gaza. The suggested joint project would increase drinking water supply by 500,000 m3/d and the power supply by 500MW, whereof 2/3 is suggested to be used in Gaza and 1/3 in Sinai. The present lack of electricity and water in Gaza could be erased by such a project. But Egypt will probably gain more. More water and electricity for the future development of Sinai and Gaza; a significant value will be added to the sale of Egyptian natural gas; more employment opportunities for Sinai people; the domestic market for operation and maintenance of desalination plants can be boosted by the suggested project; Egypt may naturally and peacefully increase its cooperation with and presence in Gaza, which should lead to increased security. This type of project could also get international support and can be a role-model for cooperation and trust-building between neighbours.
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| 2. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Investigation on Inclined Negatively Buoyant Jets
- 2012
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4441. ; 4:3, s. 750-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental study was performed to investigate the behavior of inclined negatively buoyant jets. Such jets arise when brine is discharged from desalination plants. A turbulent jet with a specific salinity was discharged through a circular nozzle at an angle to the horizontal into a tank with fresh water and the spatial evolution of the jet was recorded. Four different initial jet parameters were changed, namely the nozzle diameter, the initial jet inclination, the jet density and the flow rate. Five geometric quantities describing the jet trajectory that are useful in the design of brine discharge systems were determined. Dimensional analysis demonstrated that the geometric jet quantities studied, if normalized with the jet exit diameter, could be related to the densimetric Froude number. Analysis of the collected data showed that this was the case for a Froude number less than 100, whereas for larger values of the Froude number the scatter in the data increased significantly. As has been observed in some previous investigations, the slope of the best-fit straight line through the data points was a function of the initial jet angle (θ), where the slope increased with θ for the maximum levels (Ym) studied, but had a more complex behavior for horizontal distances.
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| 3. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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An experimental study to improve the design of brine discharge from desalination plants
- 2013
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Ingår i: American Journal of Environmental Protection. - : Science Publishing Group. - 2328-5699 .- 2328-5680. ; 2:6, s. 176-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experiment was performed in water resources engineering department laboratory at Lund University of Sweden to investigate the behavior of inclined negatively buoyant jets. Such jets arise when brine is discharged from desalination plants and improved knowledge of their behavior is required for designing discharge systems that cause a minimum of environmental impact on the receiving waters. In the present study, a turbulent jet with a specific salinity was discharged through a circular nozzle at an angle to the horizontal into a tank with fresh water and the spatial evolution of the jet was recorded. In total, 72 experimental cases were carried out where four different initial jet parameters were changed, namely the nozzle diameter, the initial jet inclination, the jet density (or salinity), and the flow rate (or exit velocity). The measurements of the jet evolution in the tank included five geometric quantities describing the jet trajectory that are useful in the design of brine discharge systems. From the data analysis some geometric quantities describing the jet trajectory showed strong correlations. Also, the results confirmed that the new relationships between the parameters can develop the current knowledge for the new plan to design desalination plants outfall. Thus, if the vertical and horizontal distance to the maximum centerline level (or, alternatively, the maximum jet edge level) can be predicted, other geometric quantities can be calculated from the regression relationships that were developed.
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| 4. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
-
China Desalination Cost Compared to Global Long-Term Estimation
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sciences. - 2305-3925. ; 2:11, s. 63-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future overall trends of desalination cost are estimated using least-square fitting method based on Excel, and four major impact factors, named technology, feed water, energy sources and capacity, are discussed and prospected. Five different types of desalination technology are presented and bench-marked for long-term use. RO and MSF are dominant technologies. Six different input water sources are used. There is no significant change in the sources distribution during the past 20 years. Wastewater should be more important. Three different energy supplies are reviewed: conventional fossil based energy, nuclear energy and renewable energy sources. Large capacity has obvious cost advantage over the small one for the same technology. At present, the cost of desalination using a conventional source of energy is lowest. In this paper, statistical analysis points indicates a total production cost of less than US 0.5 $/m3 in 2020. This will probably continue to drop due to effects of scale and reach US 0.35 $/m3 after year 2020. Wastewater is less costly to desalinate, approximately US 0.3 $/m3 from the year 2015. Brackish water will reach US 0.2 $/m3 at year 2015. China water and desalination projects were discussed compared to the global production and cost estimation from different points. In china, the open discussion is preferred as the result of this study in order to reduce the price and impact of desalination.
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| 5. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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Desalination and Economy Prospects as Water Supply Methods
- 2010
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Ingår i: ARWADEX : Water Desalination Conference in the Arab Countries - Water Desalination Conference in the Arab Countries.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses five major parameters in desalination, namely technology, raw-water, energy sources, cost and environmental effects. Both size and yield have grown rapidly in desalination plants due to high performance in technology developments in the last few years. Five different types of desalination technology are presented and bench-marked for long-term use: multistage flash evaporation (MSF), multiple effect evaporation (ME), vapour compression (VC), reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED). RO and MSF have for the last 30 years steadily been growing as the two major technologies and are presently producing about 87% of all desalinated water on a global scale. Especially RO has increased in popularity. In 1990, RO encountered for 31% of all desalination capacity, in 2001 it had 43% and today it has about 58% of all desalination capacity of the world. Six different input water sources are used (seawater, brackish water, wastewater, rivers, brines and pure water). The proportions for different type of water sources seem to have almost the same percentages at least over the last 30 years. Saline raw water from the sea ranges from 56 to 65% of all feed waters and brackish waters ranges from 20 to 24% over the years. Gradually, wastewater seems to be more important, but in 2009 only 5% of all raw waters have their direct origin from wastewater systems. The potential in reusing wastewater is thus very large. Energy is a key issue for desalination future. Increased desalination capacity means increased energy demand. Three different groups of energy supply have been analysed. At present, the cost of water produced from desalination using a conventional source of energy is lowest. The total fresh water production capacity has increased constantly and trebled from 1990 to 2001, and doubled from 2001 to 2009. The cost of desalination has decreased constantly from 1955 to 2009. Statistical analysis points indicates a cost less than US 0.5 $/m3 in 2020. This will probably continue to drop and reach US 0.35 $/m3 after year 2020. Wastewater is less costly to desalinate, approximately US 0.3 $/m3 from the year 2015. Brackish water, rivers and pure water will reach US 0.2 $/m3 at year 2015. The environmental impact from water intake, energy need and brine discharge will be more and more important as the size of the desalination plants grow. Stricter regulations need to be addressed for these impacts. Also the land use, especially along the shores, is affected by the every larger desalination plants. New aspects of desalination will have to be solved when as much as 3 million cubic metres of brines water are discharges into the sea on a daily basis.
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| 6. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
-
Desalination and Power Plants Together for Water and Peace A Case study of the Gaza-Strip, Palestine
- 2011
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Ingår i: Handshacke across the Jordan : water and understanding. - 9783902719492 ; 10, s. 111-127
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Desalination can be a cost-effective way to produce fresh water and possibly electricity. The Gaza Strip has had a complex hydro-political situation for many years. Gaza is bordered by the Mediterranean in the west, by Israel in the north and east and by Egypt in the south. Water and electricity consumption in the Gaza Strip is expected to increase in the future due to the increasing population. In this paper, a solution for Sinai and the Gaza Strip is suggested involving the building of a joint power and desalination plant, located in Egypt close to the border of Gaza. The suggested joint Egypt-Palestine project would increases water supply by 500,000 m3/d and the power supply by 500MW, whereof 2/3 is suggested to be used in Gaza and 1/3 in Sinai. The present lack of electricity and water in Gaza could be erased by such a project. But Egypt will probably gain more. More water and electricity will be available for the future development of Sinai; a significant value will be added to the sale of Egyptian natural gas; more employment opportunities for people living in Sinai; the domestic market for operation and maintenance of desalination plants can be boosted by the suggested project; Egypt may naturally and peacefully increase its cooperation with and presence in Gaza, which should lead to increased security around the border. This type of project could also get international support and can be a role-model for cooperation and trust-building between neighbours in the Middle East region. This paper is also concerned with the water resources and water availability of in the Middle East as a baseline for cooperation between countries such as reach and poor peoples. Especially the water situation in Palestine (Gaza and West Bank) relationships to the Jordan and Egypt Basins will be considered.
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| 7. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
-
Desalination and Power Plants Together for Water and Peace A Case study of the Gaza-Strip, Palestine
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Desalination can be a cost-effective way to produce fresh water and possibly electricity. The Gaza Strip has had a complex hydro-political situation for many years. Gaza is bordered by the Mediterranean in the west, by Israel in the north and east and by Egypt in the south. Water and electricity consumption in the Gaza Strip is expected to increase in the future due to the increasing population. In this paper, a solution for Sinai and the Gaza Strip is suggested involving the building of a joint power and desalination plant, located in Egypt close to the border of Gaza. The suggested joint Egypt-Palestine project would increases water supply by 500,000 m3/d and the power supply by 500MW, whereof 2/3 is suggested to be used in Gaza and 1/3 in Sinai. The present lack of electricity and water in Gaza could be erased by such a project. But Egypt will probably gain more. More water and electricity will be available for the future development of Sinai; a significant value will be added to the sale of Egyptian natural gas; more employment opportunities for people living in Sinai; the domestic market for operation and maintenance of desalination plants can be boosted by the suggested project; Egypt may naturally and peacefully increase its cooperation with and presence in Gaza, which should lead to increased security around the border. This type of project could also get international support and can be a role-model for cooperation and trust-building between neighbours in the Middle East region. This paper is also concerned with the water resources and water availability of in the Middle East as a baseline for cooperation between countries such as reach and poor peoples. Especially the water situation in Palestine (Gaza and West Bank) relationships to the Jordan and Egypt Basins will be considered.
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| 8. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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Desalination Plant and Brine Discharge, Different Arrangements for the Arabian Gulf
- 2011
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Ingår i: IDA-International Desalination Association.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is concerned about the effects of brine discharge into the Arabian Gulf and desalination plants location also. The major concern is the Arabian coastline of the Gulf countries which started from Kuwait whole way to United Arab Emirates. Different scenarios for desalination plant and brine discharge management in the Arabian Gulf are discussed using mass balance computations. The Arabian Gulf countries occupy about 3.3% of the world area and had 1.0, 2.0 and 2.2% of the total world population in the years 1950, 2008 and prognosis for year 2050 respectively. The desalination capacity in the Gulf is about 45% of the world capacity. In this study, three groups were assigned namely A, B and C to ease this paper discussions and study different possibilities between groups to minimize or reduce the brine impacts. Group A is the coastline towards Red Sea for Saudi Arabia only about 1600 km from southwest and it counts about 59% of Saudi desalination capacity. Group B is approximately 600 km long including Saudi Arabia (about 41%), Kuwait, Bahrain, smaller side of Qatar. Group C is also about 600 km long and counts the summation of United Arab Emirates desalination capacities and the largest part of Qatar desalination. As a result, group A has brine capacity about 6.9 million m3/day in 2008 and about 23 million m3/day in the year 2050. Currently group B has a brine capacity of about 9.8 million m3/day and in year 2050 it will have increased to approximately 31 million m3/day. Group C currently has a brine capacity of almost 10 million m3/day and in year 2050 it will have increase to approximately 26 million m3/day. Today group B and C are almost equal as regards to the amount of brine discharge but the group B will in the future have 5 million m3/day higher brine discharge than group C. Finally, comparison between group B and C and strategies for choosing more brine discharge to group C and less for group B. Also cooperation is need between the Gulf countries to minimize damages of the Gulf coastline and water.
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| 9. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Assessment of Brine Discharge and Wastewater in the Arabian Gulf
- 2011
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Ingår i: Desalination and Water Treatment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1944-3986 .- 1944-3994. ; 25, s. 276-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assesses the environmental effects of brine discharge into the Arabian/Persian Gulf and the option of mixing with wastewater to reduce the salt content in the discharge. The Arabian Gulf region occupies about 3.3% of the world area and has 1.0, 2.0 and 2.2% of the total world population in the years 1950, 2008 and 2050 (prognosis) respectively. The study area desalination capacities were obtained as 50, 40 and 45% of total world capacity at the end of 1996, 2008 and 2050 (prognosis) respectively. The trend towards increased recovery ratio in the desalination plants was considered as one important environmental factor. This will significantly increase the brine salt concentration from 1.5 to more than 2 times the seawater. The allocation of wastewater and brine is important for the Arabian Gulf. Straightforward water and salt mass balances were used to calculate residual flow, exchange flow and exchange time in the Arabian Gulf. For example, at zero wastewater discharge from 1996 to 2008, the net volume in the Arabian Gulf decreased by 7.4 million m3/day, the exchange volume increased by 69 million m3/day, and the mixing time decreased by 22.5 days. Discharging a mix of brine and wastewater in the Arabian Gulf reduces the water and salt exchange between the Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Nutrients in wastewater may cause problems such as eutrophication in the Gulf if the exchange of water is low or if wastewater is discharged to the Gulf with insufficient treatment.
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| 10. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Effects of Large-scale Desalination Plants in the Middle East
- 2010
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Ingår i: WOCMES 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The people bordering the Arabian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea rely more and more on seawater desalination for safe water supply. Desalination has advantages and disadvantages which to a large extent depend on the region, location, technology, impact and amount of fresh water production. In this region, some 60% of all desalination capacity is installed. The three regions areas represents about 11.8% of the world land area and the countries host approximately 9% of the world population in the three years 1950, 2008 and 2050. Arabian/Persian Gulf have been environmentally assessed by using wastewater and brine water. The Arabian Gulf region is occupying about 3.3% of the world area and about 2.0% of the total world population in 2008. The desalination capacities are about 50, 40 and 45% of total world capacity for the end of 1996, 2008 and 2050 respectively. With higher salinity in the Gulf, the exchange between the Gulf and the Ocean will increase. Mixing brine with wastewater dampens the water and salt exchange between the Gulf and the Ocean. The environmental impacts of large-scale desalination plants must be understood properly in order not to cause new problems for the environment and people. For example, chemicals added in the pre-treatment stages of a desalination plant could harm the fish production as well as the marine life in general if disposed off uncontrolled. Largest environmental effect is attributed to the discharge of brines, i.e. remaining portion of the seawater when the freshwater part has been removed. For all desalination brines, the concentration of which is higher than that of the natural seawater normally returned to the sea. Concentrations of the brines are usually found to be double or close to double that of natural seawater. Location nearby coastline gives opportunities of choosing one or more outfall (building a series of outfalls) to the sea; it can minimize or reduce the environmental impact of brine discharge. In this paper, the importance of correct brine discharge design will be analyzed and different methods on how to reduce negative effects of brine plumes in seawater reviewed. Brines are heavier than seawater due to the higher salt content. The increase in the recovery ratio is considered as one important factor in this study. In 1996 this ratio was about 30 to 35%, and in 2008 it was 40 to 45%, yet in some plants reaching up to 50%. Brine discharge will increase the salinities of the Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, with respectively some extra 2.24, 0.81 and 1.16 g/l in the year 2050.
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