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| 2. |
- Driessen, Peter P. J., et al.
(author)
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Governance Strategies for Improving Flood Resilience in the Face of Climate Change
- 2018
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In: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Flooding is the most common of all natural disasters and accounts for large numbers of casualties and a high amount of economic damage worldwide. To be ‘flood resilient’, countries should have sufficient capacity to resist, the capacity to absorb and recover, and the capacity to transform and adapt. Based on international comparative research, we conclude that six key governance strategies will enhance ‘flood resilience’ and will secure the necessary capacities. These strategies pertain to: (i) the diversification of flood risk management approaches; (ii) the alignment of flood risk management approaches to overcome fragmentation; (iii) the involvement, cooperation, and alignment of both public and private actors in flood risk management; (iv) the presence of adequate formal rules that balance legal certainty and flexibility; (v) the assurance of sufficient financial and other types of resources; (vi) the adoption of normative principles that adequately deal with distributional effects. These governance strategies appear to be relevant across different physical and institutional contexts. The findings may also hold valuable lessons for the governance of climate adaptation more generally.
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| 4. |
- Melin, L G, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of four composite shear test methods by digital speckle strain mapping and fractographic analysis
- 2000
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In: Journal of composites technology & research. - 0884-6804 .- 1945-7537. ; 22:3, s. 161-172
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Four methods to determine composite interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) are evaluated. In particular, the recently devised inclined double-notch shear test (IDNS) is compared with three existing and more established methods: the Iosipescu test, the short three-point bending test (S3PB) and the double-notch compression test (DNC). The uniformity of strain field in the test region in a real test situation-which is the crucial test method quality parameter-is investigated by strain mapping using digital speckle photography. The measured strain fields are compared with FE-calculated strains representing ideal conditions and both known advantages and drawbacks of the different methods are confirmed. The IDNS test produces the most uniform strain fields and also consistently high ILSS values. A fractographic analysis indicates shear separation over a major part of the fracture surfaces of all specimen types; typical shear cusps were found over about 80% of the IDNS fracture surface and in about 50% to 70% in the other specimens. For the Iosipescu tests, failure initiation could be ascribed to initiation in tension at defects. Experimentally determined stress-strain responses in shear exhibit a distinct variation among the different methods. For the best methods, a notable material softening was observed Drier to failure. Observed formation of shear cusps is believed to be the primary cause for this softening of the composite material studied here.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Erik A. A., 1986-, et al.
(author)
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Mn, Si and Ti in cast stainless steel at elevated temperature
- 2019
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In: Ironmaking & steelmaking. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0301-9233 .- 1743-2812. ; 46:8, s. 731-741
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ACI HH II is an austenitic castable stainless steel for high-temperature applications such as grates in a Grate-Kiln indurator. Eight different alloy compositions have been used to evaluate the oxide formation and the microstructural evolution during an isothermal heat treatment at 800°C with a holding time of 200 h in an atmosphere containing 20% O2–N2. Residual ferrite is transformed into sigma phase during the heat treatment while secondary carbides are precipitated in the austenite. Silicon will form a thinner oxide but will reduce its adherence to the steel. Additions of Ti are beneficial for the properties of the oxide layer as the oxide is well adherent and thinner, while additions of Mn increase the growth rate of the oxide and enhance the risk of growth stresses in the oxide. It is proposed that by combing the beneficial effects of both Ti and Si it is possible to suppress the malign effects of Mn additions.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Case study of grate-chain degradation in a grate-kiln process
- 2013
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In: 7th EEIGM International Conference on Advanced Materials Research. - : IOP Publishing Ltd.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Austenitic stainless steels are often used in high temperature applications due to their inherent resistance to corrosion. The grate-chain in some Grate-Kiln processes for sintering of iron pellets is made of these austenitic steels to withstand the severe environment. It has been shown however that the grate-chain is affected by several degrading mechanisms in the harsh environment of the sintering process. A grate-chain that had been used for 13 months in production was investigated in order to find the mechanisms of degradation. Results show that slag products are accumulated on the grate-chain during time and interact with the steel mainly due to the content of alkali metals. The resistance towards degradation seems to decrease with time which is suggested to be caused by the depletion of chromium.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, L., et al.
(author)
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Iron and arsenic removal from bacterial leaching effluents by precipitation with limestone
- 1994
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In: Scandinavian journal of metallurgy. - 0371-0459 .- 1600-0692. ; 23:4, s. 184-189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By bacterial leaching of bulk concentrates of complex sulphide ores, acid leachates are produced which besides valuable metals as zinc and copper also contain high concentrations of impurities such as iron and arsenic, In order to evaluate the proper conditions for removal of iron and arsenic by precipitation as ferric arsenate with limestone, a series of batch precipitation experiments was conducted at various pH values in the range 2-6. The results from these tests showed that pentavalent arsenic and ferric iron can be effectively precipitated to low concentrations when the precipitation is carried out at pH 3 without causing losses of zinc; however, the ferrous iron, approximately 1 g/l, remains in solution. When the precipitation is carried out at pH above 3 in order to oxidize ferrous iron, unacceptable high zinc losses were obtained.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, L., et al.
(author)
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New process for zinc recovery from bacterial leach solutions
- 1996
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In: Scandinavian journal of metallurgy. - 0371-0459 .- 1600-0692. ; 25:4, s. 161-171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As an alternative to traditional treatment of complex zinc-containing sulphide ores, application of bio-hydrometallurgical routes can be a possible and economical alternative. When the bio-leaching of such ores or concentrates takes place, dilute acidic leachates are produced, which in addition to valuable metals as zinc and copper, also contain high concentrations of impurities such as iron and arsenic. The aim of the present study has been to develop a new process for recovery of zinc and other base metal values from such leachates. In this process, iron and arsenic are precipitated from the leachate with limestone at pH 3. After a solid/liquid separation step the pH is further increased by lime addition whereby zinc, copper and cadmium are precipitated. The hydroxides formed are after a solid/liquid separation step dissolved with sulphuric acid generated by electrowinning of zinc. As a result a solution concentrated in zinc is produced, which after solid/liquid separation and purification, is fed to the tank house for electrolytic production of zinc metal. The results showed that the proposed process is capable of recovering metal values from leachates of variable compositions. Furthermore, the process can handle solutions which contain chloride, thus giving the method an advantage over conventional zinc electrowinning processes. Raw materials and neutralising agents which contain fluoride and to a lesser extent magnesium must, however, be avoided.
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| 9. |
- Norrgren, L., et al.
(author)
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Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia
- 2000
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In: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-4341 .- 1432-0703. ; 38:3, s. 334-341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Zambia is a country with an extensive mining industry with the majority of mines located in the Copperbelt province. Through this region of the country, the Kafue River drains and receives effluent water from mining activities as well as from other industrial point sources. In addition, production of agricultural products and pest control requires use of different pesticides in the area. Information on industrial and agricultural pollution has not been clearly identified in Zambia, and little attention has been paid to pollution control and possible impact of metals, pesticides, and other persistent compounds in the environment. The objective of this study was to introduce and to evaluate a few methodologies based on in situ bioassays for environmental assessment to promote sustainable and environmentally sound water resource management of the Kafue River. The results show that caged threespot tilapia exposed downstream of industrial points sources rapidly bioaccumulate several trace elements, i.e., Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni. These elements also occurred in much higher concentrations in water samples downstream of the industrial area compared with a locality upstream. Furthermore, the use of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) for passive absorption of lipophilic pollutants in the water showed relatively high concentration of several pesticides, i.e., DDT with major metabolites, PCB, and dieldrin. The present study shows that only 2 weeks of in situ studies in waters contaminated by pollutants affects in situ exposed fish and that the correlation between water and tissue concentrations was relatively good. Both trace elements and persistent organic pollutants occurred in such high concentrations that they must be considered from ecotoxicological aspects and may affect aquatic animal health
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