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| 2. |
- Ade, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Simons Observatory : science goals and forecasts
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1475-7516. ; :2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Simons Observatory (SO) is a new cosmic microwave background experiment being built on Cerro Toco in Chile, due to begin observations in the early 2020s. We describe the scientific goals of the experiment, motivate the design, and forecast its performance. SO will measure the temperature and polarization anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background in six frequency bands centered at: 27, 39, 93, 145, 225 and 280 GHz. The initial con figuration of SO will have three small-aperture 0.5-m telescopes and one large-aperture 6-m telescope, with a total of 60,000 cryogenic bolometers. Our key science goals are to characterize the primordial perturbations, measure the number of relativistic species and the mass of neutrinos, test for deviations from a cosmological constant, improve our understanding of galaxy evolution, and constrain the duration of reionization. The small aperture telescopes will target the largest angular scales observable from Chile, mapping approximate to 10% of the sky to a white noise level of 2 mu K-arcmin in combined 93 and 145 GHz bands, to measure the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, at a target level of sigma(r) = 0.003. The large aperture telescope will map approximate to 40% of the sky at arcminute angular resolution to an expected white noise level of 6 mu K-arcmin in combined 93 and 145 GHz bands, overlapping with the majority of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope sky region and partially with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. With up to an order of magnitude lower polarization noise than maps from the Planck satellite, the high-resolution sky maps will constrain cosmological parameters derived from the damping tail, gravitational lensing of the microwave background, the primordial bispectrum, and the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects, and will aid in delensing the large-angle polarization signal to measure the tensor-to-scalar ratio. The survey will also provide a legacy catalog of 16,000 galaxy clusters and more than 20,000 extragalactic sources.
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| 3. |
- Al-Khatib, Iyad, et al.
(författare)
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A Multiprocessor System-on-Chip for Real-Time Biomedical Monitoring and Analysis : Architectural Design Space Exploration
- 2006
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Ingår i: DAC '06. - New York, New York, USA : ACM Press. ; , s. 125-130
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we focus on MPSoC architectures for human heart ECGreal-time monitoring and analysis. This is a very relevant bio-medicalapplication, with a huge potential market, hence it is an ideal targetfor an application-specific SoC implementation. We investigate asymmetric multi-processor architecture based on STMicroelectronicsVLIW DSPs that process in real-time 12-lead ECG signals. Thisarchitecture improves upon state-of-the-art SoC designs for ECGanalysis in its ability to analyze the full 12 leads in real-time, evenwith high sampling frequencies, and ability to detect heartmalfunction. We explore the design space by considering a number ofhardware and software architectural options.
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| 4. |
- Al Khatib, Iyad, et al.
(författare)
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Hardware/Software architecture for real-time ECG monitoring and analysis leveraging MPSoC technology
- 2007
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Ingår i: Transactions on High-Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers I. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783540715276 ; , s. 239-258
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interest in high performance chip architectures for biomedical applications is gaining a lot of research and market interest. Heart diseases remain by far the main cause of death and a challenging problem for biomedical engineers to monitor and analyze. Electrocardiography (ECG) is an essential practice in heart medicine. However, ECG analysis still faces computational challenges, especially when 12 lead signals are to be analyzed in parallel, in real time, and under increasing sampling frequencies. Another challenge is the analysis of huge amounts of data that may grow to days of recordings. Nowadays, doctors use eyeball monitoring of the 12-lead ECG paper readout, which may seriously impair analysis accuracy. Our solution leverages the advance in multi-processor system-on-chip architectures, and it is centered on the parallelization of the ECG computation kernel. Our Hardware- Software (HW/SW) Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoQ design improves upon state-of-the-art mostly for its capability to perform real-time analysis of input data, leveraging the computation horsepower provided by many concurrent DSPs, more accurate diagnosis of cardiac diseases, and prompter reaction to abnormal heart alterations. The design methodology to go from the 12-lead ECG application specification to the final HW/SW architecture is the focus of this paper. We explore the design space by considering a number of hardware and software architectural variants, and deploy industrial components to build up the system.
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| 5. |
- Khatib, Iyad Al, et al.
(författare)
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A multiprocessor system-on-chip for real-time biomedical monitoring and analysis : ECG prototype architectural design space exploration
- 2008
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Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1084-4309 .- 1557-7309. ; 13:2, s. 31-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article we focus on multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) architectures for human heart electrocardiogram (ECG) real time analysis as a hardware/software (HW/SW) platform offering an advance relative to state-of-the-art solutions. This is a relevant biomedical application with good potential market, since heart diseases are responsible for the largest number of yearly deaths. Hence, it is a good target for an application-specific system-on-chip (SoC) and HW/SW codesign. We investigate a symmetric multiprocessor architecture based on STMicroelectronics VLIW DSPs that process in real time 12-lead ECG signals. This architecture improves upon state-of-the-art SoC designs for ECG analysis in its ability to analyze the full 12 leads in real time, even with high sampling frequencies, and its ability to detect heart malfunction for the whole ECG signal interval. We explore the design space by considering a number of hardware and software architectural options. Comparing our design with present-day solutions from an SoC and application point-of-view shows that our platform can be used in real time and without failures.
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| 6. |
- Khatib, Iyad Al, et al.
(författare)
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MPSoC ECG biochip : A multiprocessor system-on-chip for real-time human heart monitoring and analysis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Computing Frontiers 2006, CF '06. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781595933027 ; , s. 21-28
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interest in high performance chip architectures for biomedical applications is on the rise. Heart diseases remain by far the main cause of death and a challenging problem for biomedical engineers to monitor and analyze. Electrocardiography (ECG) is an essential practice in heart medicine, which faces computational challenges, especially when 12 lead signals are to be analyzed in parallel, in real time, and under increasing sampling frequencies. Another challenge is the analysis of huge amounts of data that may grow to days of recordings. Nowadays, doctors use eyeball monitoring of the 12-lead ECG paper readout, which may seriously impair analysis accuracy. Our solution leverages the advance in multi-processor system-on-chip architectures, and is centered on the parallelization of the ECG computation kernel. It improves upon state-of-the-art mostly for its capability to perform real-time analysis of input data, leveraging the computation horsepower provided by many concurrent DSPs, more accurate diagnosis of cardiac diseases, and prompter reaction to abnormal heart alterations. The design methodology to go from the 12-lead ECG application specification to the final hardware/software architecture, modeling, and simulation is the focus of this paper. Our system model is based on industrial components. The architectural template we employ is scalable and flexible.
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| 7. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 8. |
- Puglisi, G., et al.
(författare)
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Improved galactic foreground removal for B-mode detection with clustering methods
- 2022
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Ingår i: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 511:2, s. 2052-2074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Characterizing the sub-mm Galactic emission has become increasingly critical especially in identifying and removing its polarized contribution from the one emitted by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In this work, we present a parametric foreground removal performed on to sub-patches identified in the celestial sphere by means of spectral clustering. Our approach takes into account efficiently both the geometrical affinity and the similarity induced by the measurements and the accompanying errors. The optimal partition is then used to parametrically separate the Galactic emission encoding thermal dust and synchrotron from the CMB one applied on two nominal observations of forthcoming experiments from the ground and from the space. Moreover, the clustering is performed on tracers that are different from the data used for component separation, e.g. the spectral index maps of dust and synchrotron. Performing the parametric fit singularly on each of the clustering derived regions results in an overall improvement: both controlling the bias and the uncertainties in the CMB B-mode recovered maps. We finally apply this technique using the map of the number of clouds along the line of sight, Nc, as estimated from H I emission data and perform parametric fitting on to patches derived by clustering on this map. We show that adopting the Nc map as a tracer for the patches related to the thermal dust emission, results in reducing the B-mode residuals post-component separation. The code is made publicly available https://github.com/giuspugl/fgcluster.
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