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- Delios, A., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability-for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples.
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| 4. |
- Hossain, Mohammed, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability of arsenic mitigation interventions—an evaluation of different alternative safe drinking water options provided in Matlab, an arsenic hot spot in Bangladesh
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media. - 2296-665X. - 9781138001411 ; 3:30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wide spread occurrence of geogenic arsenic in Bangladesh groundwater drastically reduced the safe water access across the country. Since its discovery in 1993, different mitigation options tested at household and community scale have resulted in limited success. The main challenge is to develop a simple, cost-effective, and socially acceptable option which the users can install, operate and maintain by themselves. In an arsenic hotspot of southeastern Bangladesh, 841 arsenic removal filter (ARF), 190 surface water filter membrane, 23 pond sand filter (PSF), 147 rain water harvester (RWH) and 59 As-safe tubewell were distributed among the severely exposed population by AsMat, a Sida supported project. After 3–4 years of providing these safe water options, this study was carried out during 2009–2010 for performance analysis of these options, in terms of technical viability and effectiveness and thus to evaluate the preference of different options to the end users. Household and community based surveys were done to make an assessment of the current water use pattern as impact of the distributed options, overall condition of the options provided and to identify the reasons why these options are in use and/or abandoned. In total, 284 households were surveyed and information was collected for 23 PSF, 147 RWH, and 59 tubewells. None of the filters was found in use. Among other options distributed, 13% of PSF, 40% RWH, and 93% of tubewell were found functioning. In all cases, tubewells were found As-safe. About 89% of households are currently using tubewell water which was 58% before. Filter was abandoned for high cost and complicated maintenance. The use of RWH and PSF was not found user friendly and ensuring year round water quality is a big challenge. Arsenic-safe tubewell was found as a widely accepted option mainly because of its easy operation and availability of water, good water quality and negligible maintenance. This study validated tubewell as the most feasible drinking water supply option and this evaluation holds significance for planning water supply projects, improving mitigation policy as well as developing awareness among users.
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- Sayeed, A., et al.
(författare)
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Handwashing with soap : A concern for overuse of water amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
- 2021
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-801X. ; 13, s. 100561-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Handwashing is one of the vital public health measures. It helps to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, water overuse during hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on may put enormous pressure on the already overstretched groundwater resources and households’ economic well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the overuse of water while scrubbing hands with soap for handwashing when the tap is on amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Sociodemographic data were collected using a web-based survey tool among 1980 participants and an experiment was conducted among 126 participants to estimate the overuse of water during hand scrubbing while the tap is on. A total of 80% of the participants washed their hands regularly after returning home from outside. About 57.3% of participants did not turn off their tap throughout the handwashing process. A single participant, who kept his tap on throughout the handwashing process, overused approximately 1.7 L of water per handwash and 14.9 L of water per day. Hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on, raised the overuse of water 13-fold during this pandemic compared to the non-pandemic situation which cost an extra 225.0 BDT (2.7$) per day for 1980 participants. Minimize the speed of tap, using automatic taps, and using taps operated by legs might be an effective solution to reduce the water overuse. Furthermore, behavioral change interventions are needed to aware people turn off the tap during hand scrubbing with soap.
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| 7. |
- Jolly, Yeasmin N., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of surface water quality near pollution sources in Buriganga River and deciphering their probable emergence, ecological, and health risk aspects
- 2023
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Ingår i: Regional Studies in Marine Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-4855. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination in Buriganga river water, provoked by the point and non-point sources, has recently become a major health concern. Concentration, pollution degree, drinking and irrigation water potentiality, and associated health risks are the factors considered for this study. This study ascertained a mean pH, EC, TDS, and salinity value of 6.96, 86.25 mu S/cm, 51.86 mg/L, and 86.56%, respectively, revealing that it is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes. Furthermore, the mean value of major anion (NO-23: 1.16, SO-24 : 13.40, PO-34 : 0.66, Cl-1 : 14.71 mg/L) and major cations (Na+1 : 16.95, K+1 : 4.26, Ca+2 : 17.63, and Mg+2 : 5.47 mg/L) also estimated safe for human consumption and agricultural use. Trace element evaluation index (TEI) value was found to vary among the sites and ranging from 4.40 to 10.50, indicating moderate pollution and risk imposed by the single PTEs can be ranked as Mn>Fe>Pb>As>Cu>Zn. Nemerow index and comprehensive pollution index value stipulated an insignificant to moderate pollution by the studied elements. Consequently, no ecological risk was posed via elements studied in the proposed sites. The emerging sources for PTEs are confined to both anthropogenic and lithogenic derivations. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment stipulated that the river water was safe for adults and children as the estimated Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) value was found below the threshold value (HQ/HI<1). Total carcinogenic risk was calculated at 7.44E-08 and 1.60E-08 for adults and children, respectively, specifying no risk, and water from the sites was evaluated as suitable for agricultural irrigation purposes on the basis of estimated indices.
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| 8. |
- Onabolu, B., et al.
(författare)
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Integrating policy, system strengthening, research and harmonized services delivery for scaling up drinking water safety in Bangladesh
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Arsenic in a ChangingWorld - 7th International Congress and Exhibition Arsenic in the Environment, 2018. - London : CRC Press/Balkema. - 9781138486096 ; , s. 535-537
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The WASH Sector Development Plan (2011–2025) recognizes the absence of harmonized approaches as the root challenge to scaling up drinking water safety in Bangladesh. UNICEF is supporting the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) through the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) and Policy Support Branch to re-engineer its approach to drinking water safety by integrating policy, systems strengthening & sustainable services delivery at national and sub-national levels. Some of the key contributions to the sector include the implementation of the UNICEF-DPHE Arsenic Safe Union model with the declaration of 106 Arsenic Safe Villages, reduction in arsenic contamination rates of new tubewells, a system for preventing elite capture of water points, and the adoption of the ASU model in a $240 million arsenic mitigation drinking water project using domestic resources. Relatedly, a Policy Support Branch has been established, the sector coordination mechanisms revised, WASH bottleneck analysis is ongoing & the National Implementation Plan on Arsenic has been reviewed: Next steps include the professionalisation of drilling by local drillers through a partnership with KTH, Sweden, the GoB and UNICEF.
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| 9. |
- Saha, R., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring suitable sites for installing safe drinking water wells in coastal Bangladesh
- 2018
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Ingår i: Groundwater for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier. - 2352-801X. ; 7, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development, monitoring and management of drinking water resources, especially groundwater, are essential for sustainable water extraction. The present study aimed to explore suitable locations and depths for installing tubewells for safe drinking water. Tala upazila of Satkhira district, in the coastal area of Bangladesh, was selected as the study area. Groundwater samples were collected from 632 shallow tubewells (STW) and deep tubewells (DTW). In-situ measurements were done for seven important water quality parameters, such as arsenic (As), iron (Fe), electrical conductivity (EC), temperature (T), Total Coliform-TC, E. coli and Faecal Coliform (FC). Weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) was used to calculate the suitability of drinking water collected from tubewells. Experimental value based maps for each parameter were prepared and safe aquifer sites were identified using WQI and geo-statistical as well as geo-spatial analysis. Range of As, Fe and EC were found to be 0–500 µg/L, 0–18 mg/L and 165–8715 µS/cm, respectively and for STW, 88%, 99% and 100% and for DTW, 64%, 71% and 100% exceeded WHO drinking water standards. Comparatively high proportion of STW (TC-41%, E. coli−24% and FC-49%) contained coliform bacteria than DTW (TC-23%, E. coli−15% and FC-28%). Only small proportional areas, such as 24 km2 for As, 27 km2 for Fe, 113 km2 for TC, 132 km2 for E. coli and 102 km2 for FC were found safe in DTW. Multiple patches of safe aquifer were identified at greater depths in the northern, north-central, central and south-western part of the study area. According to WQI, overall 39 km2 area (12% of total area) was explored as suitable sites for installing tubewells where good to excellent quality water could be found in greater depth aquifers. The findings will help policy makers, practitioners and local communities to find out the suitable locations and depths for installation of tubewells in the study area for extracting safe drinking water.
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