| 1. |
- Algaba, Juan-Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
- 2021
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 911:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Su, Fenwei, et al.
(författare)
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Dephosphorization of magnetite fines - Part 1: Evaluation of flotation kinetic models
- 1998
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Ingår i: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. - 0371-9553 .- 1743-2855. ; 107:SEPT/DEC, s. C95-C102
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dephosphorization of magnetite fines by flotation in such a way as to minimize the fatty acid coating left on the magnetite surfaces is the principal technical challenge facing the mineral processing division of LKAB, Sweden. Modelling of flotation kinetics enables the influence of chemical and operational variables on apatite flotation from magnetite fines to be predicted. Five typical first-order flotation kinetic models are evaluated by statistical techniques, after an estimation of model parameters by a nonlinear least-squares fitting program, with use of the authors' own results and results taken from the literature. Evaluation of the models is based on two aspects: goodness of fit to the experimental results and suitability to describe the flotation behaviour. The first-order models with a rectangular distribution of floatabilities and with fast and slow floating components (F-S model) gave an excellent fit to the experimental results of apatite flotation when compared with the other models, the latter being superior not only in the goodness of fit to apatite flotation and other mineral flotation results but also in its description of flotation behaviour. The kinetic parameters (percentage recoveries and rate constants of fast and slow floating particles) in the F-S model have a physical significance and can thus be used for qualitative as well as quantitative interpretation of flotation performance. The influence of collector dose can be effectively included in the F-S model by making realistic simplifications and relating the collector dose to the fraction of slow floating particles. The ratio of fast and slow rate constants can be used to describe the selectivity of apatite flotation from magnetite.
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| 5. |
- Das, Antarikshya, et al.
(författare)
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Biofilm modifiers : The disparity in paradigm of oral biofilm ecosystem
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. - : Elsevier. - 0753-3322 .- 1950-6007. ; 164
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A biofilm is a population of sessile microorganisms that has a distinct organized structure and characteristics like channels and projections. Good oral hygiene and reduction in the prevalence of periodontal diseases arise from minimal biofilm accumulation in the mouth, however, studies focusing on modifying the ecology of oral biofilms have not yet been consistently effective. The self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances and greater antibiotic resistance make it difficult to target and eliminate biofilm infections, which lead to serious clinical consequences that are often lethal. Therefore, a better understanding is required to target and modify the ecology of biofilms in order to eradicate the infection, not only in instances of oral disorders but also in terms of nosocomial infections. The review focuses on several biofilm ecology modifiers to prevent biofilm infections, as well as the involvement of biofilm in antibiotic resistance, implants or in-dwelling device contamination, dental caries, and other periodontal disorders. It also discusses recent advances in nanotechnology that may lead to novel strategies for preventing and treating infections caused by biofilms as well as a novel outlook to infection control.
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| 6. |
- Dwari, Ranjan, et al.
(författare)
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Dry beneficiation of coal : a review
- 2007
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Ingår i: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0882-7508 .- 1547-7401. ; 28:3, s. 177-234
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coal continues to play a major role in the economic development of a country, especially in metallurgical industries and conventional power generation plants. For effective utilization of high ash coals, it is necessary to beneficiate them. The wet beneficiation process for coal cleaning is currently the predominant method of purification of coal in the world. However, dry beneficiation of coal has obvious advantages over wet processes. The dry processes for coal are based on the physical properties of coal and its associated mineral matters. Different types of equipment for dry beneficiation have been developed, based on the exploitation of physical properties such as density, size, shape, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductivity. This article presents a summary assessment of different technologies and their performance in the beneficiation process of high ash coals with particular reference to Indian thermal coals. The literature on sorting, air jigs, magnetic separation, air-dense medium fluidized bed separation, and electrostatic separation is summarized and discussed
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| 7. |
- Farahani, Ensieh, et al.
(författare)
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Cell adhesion molecules and their relation to (cancer) cell stemness
- 2014
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Ingår i: Carcinogenesis. - : Oxford University Press. - 0143-3334 .- 1460-2180. ; 35:4, s. 747-759
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite decades of search for anticancer drugs targeting solid tumors, this group of diseases remains largely incurable, especially if in advanced, metastatic stage. In this review, we draw comparison between reprogramming and carcinogenesis, as well as between stem cells (SCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs), focusing on changing garniture of adhesion molecules. Furthermore, we elaborate on the role of adhesion molecules in the regulation of (cancer) SCs division (symmetric or asymmetric), and in evolving interactions between CSCs and extracellular matrix. Among other aspects, we analyze the role and changes of expression of key adhesion molecules as cancer progresses and metastases develop. Here, the role of cadherins, integrins, as well as selected transcription factors like Twist and Snail is highlighted, not only in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition but also in the avoidance of anoikis. Finally, we briefly discuss recent developments and new strategies targeting CSCs, which focus on adhesion molecules or targeting tumor vasculature.
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| 8. |
- Hegde, Gurumurthy, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Photo Induced Effects in Nematic Liquid Crystals
- 2005
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Ingår i: Phase Transitions. - 1029-0338. ; 78:6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temperature, concentration of the solvent and pressure are the parameters that are well known to bring about phase transitions in liquid-crystalline systems. In recent years a new parameter has been added to this list: light. The principle behind these photoinduced transitions is the light-driven shape transformation of certain photoactive materials like, e.g., azobenzene. In this article, we present results of various aspects of our recent investigations on such photoinduced transitions in the nematic phase and highlight the feature that light is a new tool to study phase transitions and the associated critical phenomena
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| 9. |
- Huang, Hongyun, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell Transplantation. - : SAGE Publications. - 0963-6897 .- 1555-3892. ; 27:2, s. 310-324
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell therapy has been shown to be a key clinical therapeutic option for central nervous system diseases or damage. Standardization of clinical cell therapy procedures is an important task for professional associations devoted to cell therapy. The Chinese Branch of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) completed the first set of guidelines governing the clinical application of neurorestoration in 2011. The IANR and the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR) collaborated to propose the current version "Clinical Cell Therapy Guidelines for Neurorestoration (IANR/CANR 2017)". The IANR council board members and CANR committee members approved this proposal on September 1, 2016, and recommend it to clinical practitioners of cellular therapy. These guidelines include items of cell type nomenclature, cell quality control, minimal suggested cell doses, patient-informed consent, indications for undergoing cell therapy, contraindications for undergoing cell therapy, documentation of procedure and therapy, safety evaluation, efficacy evaluation, policy of repeated treatments, do not charge patients for unproven therapies, basic principles of cell therapy, and publishing responsibility.
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| 10. |
- Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, et al.
(författare)
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Leveraging electronic health records to streamline the conduct of cardiovascular clinical trials
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 44:21, s. 1890-1909
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can be expensive, time intensive, and complex to conduct. Trial recruitment, participation, and data collection can burden participants and research personnel. In the past two decades, there have been rapid technological advances and an exponential growth in digitized healthcare data. Embedding RCTs, including cardiovascular outcome trials, into electronic health record systems or registries may streamline screening, consent, randomization, follow-up visits, and outcome adjudication. Moreover, wearable sensors (i.e. health and fitness trackers) provide an opportunity to collect data on cardiovascular health and risk factors in unprecedented detail and scale, while growing internet connectivity supports the collection of patient-reported outcomes. There is a pressing need to develop robust mechanisms that facilitate data capture from diverse databases and guidance to standardize data definitions. Importantly, the data collection infrastructure should be reusable to support multiple cardiovascular RCTs over time. Systems, processes, and policies will need to have sufficient flexibility to allow interoperability between different sources of data acquisition. Clinical research guidelines, ethics oversight, and regulatory requirements also need to evolve. This review highlights recent progress towards the use of routinely generated data to conduct RCTs and discusses potential solutions for ongoing barriers. There is a particular focus on methods to utilize routinely generated data for trials while complying with regional data protection laws. The discussion is supported with examples of cardiovascular outcome trials that have successfully leveraged the electronic health record, web-enabled devices or administrative databases to conduct randomized trials.
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