| 1. |
- Christiansson, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aircraft cabins - A source of human exposure?
- 2008
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 73:10, s. 1654-1660
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Commercial aircrafts need a high degree of fire protection for passenger safety. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), may be used for this purpose. Because PBDEs readily absorb to dust particles, aircraft crew and passengers may receive significant PBDEs exposure via inhalation. The aims of this work were to assess whether PBDEs could be found in aircraft cabin dust and whether serum levels of PBDEs increased in passengers after long-distance flights. Hence nine subjects on intercontinental flights collected cabin dust samples, as well as donated blood samples before departure and after return to Sweden. Two subjects who were domestic frequent flyers were also investigated. The levels of PBDEs in dust and serum were determined by GC/MS in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) mode. Authentic reference substances were used for identification and quantitation. PBDEs were found in all aircraft dust samples at high concentrations, higher than in common household dust. Congener patterns indicated that the technical products PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE were used in the aircrafts. Serum concentrations in the travellers were similar to those observed in Swedish residents in general. Post-travel serum levels of BDE-28. BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, and BDE-154 were significantly higher(p<0.05) than concentrations prior to travel. The findings from this pilot study call for investigations of occupational exposures to PBDEs in cabin and cockpit crews. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Axmon, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Association between biomarkers of exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds (POCs).
- 2006
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 64:4, s. 692-694
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Serum concentrations of CB-153 and pp'-DDE were assessed for 354 men and women from the Swedish Fishermen's Families Cohort, and were found to correlate very well (Pearson's r = 0.72). In this particular cohort the main source of exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds are consumption of contaminated fatty fish. High correlations between total PCB/CB-153 and p,p'-DDE have also been found in other population with similar exposure, but not in populations whose major source of exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds is not necessarily through the consumption of contaminated sea food. The authors suggest that when investigating a possible relation between exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds and different health outcomes in populations with exposure similar to the Swedish Fishermen's Families Cohort, there may be no need to analyze more than either CB-153 or p,p'-DDE. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Jönsson, Bo AG, et al.
(author)
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Tidstrender för och halter av persistenta fluorerade, klorerade och bromerade organiska miljögifter i serum samt ftalater i urin hos unga svenska män – Resultat från den tredje uppföljningsundersökningen år 2009-2010.
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Bakgrund:Studier av tidstrender för miljögifter är viktiga för riskvärdering och åtgärder för att minska exponeringen. Studiens huvudsyfte har varit att fortsatt undersöka halter och tidstrender för klorerade, bromerade och fluorerade POPar i serum och ftalatmetaboliter i urin hos mönstrande unga män. För detta har vi valt att använda oss av mönstringsundersökningen, som de flesta svenska män hittills har genomgått vid omkring 18 års ålder.Metoder:Mönstrande från fyra olika år har studerats. År 2000 samlades serumprover från 274 mönstrande och urinprover från 234, år 2004 samlades serum- och urinprover från 200 mönstrande, år 2006 serumprover från 200 mönstrande och till sist åren 2009-2010 serumprover från 100 mönstande och urinprover från 50. Serumproverna analyserades med gaskromatografi-masspektrometri (CG-MS) med avseende på 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexaklorobifenyl (CB-153), p,p’-diklordifenyldikloreten (p,p´-DDE) samt bromerade difenyletrar (BDE). Urinproverna analyserades med vätskekromatografi-tandem MS med avseende på monoetylftalat (MEP), monobutylftalat (MBP), monobutylbenzylftalat (MBzP) och monoetylhexylftalat (MEHP). I urinproverna från 2009-2010 analyserades dessutom oxiderade ftalatmetaboliter till dietylhexylftalat: 5-hydroxy-MEHP, 5-oxo-MEHP och 5- karboxy-monoetylpentylftalat (5-cx-MEPP) samt diisononylftalat: 7-hydroxy-MiNP, 7-oxo- MiNP och 7-karboxy-monometylheptylftalat (7cx-MMeHP). Trender analyserades med Jonckheere-Terpstra testet.Resultat:Medianhalten i serum för CB-153 för åren 2000, 2004, 2006 och 2009/2010 var 65, 19, 34 och 22 ng/g fett. Medianhalten för p,p´-DDE för åren 2000, 2004, 2006 och 2009/2010 var 88, mindre än detektionsgränsen (De kreatininjusterade medianurinhalterna för åren 2000, 2004 och 2009-2010 var för MEP 83, 24 respektive 12 nmol/mmol, för MBP 24, 20 respektive 5 nmol/mmol samt för MBzP 4, 4 respektive 1 nmol/mmol. För MEHP var värdena Medianhalterna för BDE-47 var 1,32 (2006), respektive 0,63 ng/g blodfett (2009/2010), för BDE-99 0,38 ng/g blodfett respektive Även halter av perfluorerade ämnen bestämdes i proverna från år 2009/2010.Konklusion:Det har skett en påtaglig minskning av serumhalterna av CB-153 och p,p’-DDE hos unga män mellan 2000 och 2010 och beror säkerligen på att dessa ämnen inte längre används i Sverige sedan lång tid tillbaka. De minskade koncentrationerna av ftalatmetaboliter i urin avspeglar troligen en lägre exponeringsnivå till följd av en minskad användning av ftalater i olika produkter ute i samhället. Det finns dock andra ftalater där exponeringen i stället ökar enligt litteraturen. Halterna av de bromerade föreningarna minskade i de flesta fall vilket även detta beror på en minskad eller avslutad användning.
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| 4. |
- Jönsson, Bo AG, et al.
(author)
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Tidstrender för och halter av persistenta klorerade och bromerade organiska miljögifter i serum hos unga svenska män : Resultat från den andra uppföljningsundersökningen år 2006
- 2008
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I en undersökning år 2006 av 200 mönstrande män (medianålder 18 år) var medianvärdet 34 och 62 ng/g blodfett för 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexaklorobifenyl (CB-153) respektive p,p’- diklordifenyldikloreten (p,p´-DDE) i serum. Detta kan jämföras med att i motsvarande undersökningar av mönstrande, som gjordes år 2000 (omfattande 304 personer med medianålder 18 år) samt 2004 (omfattande 200 personer med medianålder 18 år) var medianvärdet 65 och 19 ng/g blodfett för CB-153. I motsvarande analyser av p,p´-DDE var medianvärdet 88 och mindre än kvantifieringsgränsen (
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| 5. |
- Lindh, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Blood serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in men from Greenlandic Inuit and European populations.
- 2012
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 88:11, s. 1269-1275
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are used in large quantities. They are persistent and found in measurable levels in human serum around the world. They have been associated with developmental, hepatic, and carcinogenic effects in animal studies. The aim of the present study was to describe levels of PFCs in serum among Inuits from Greenland and inhabitants from Warsaw, Poland and Kharkiv, Ukraine. Furthermore, the aim was to define social- and lifestyle related determinants of exposure for these compounds. Serum levels of seven PFCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were the highest of all PFCs in all three populations with a total amount of almost 90% of the PFCs. The mean levels of PFOS and PFOA were in the Greenlandic Inuits 52 and 4.8ngmL(-1), in Poland 19 and 5.2ngmL(-1), and in Ukraine 8.1 and 1.9ngmL(-1), respectively. Thus, levels of PFCs in the serum of Inuits on Greenland were among the highest described in a general population whereas the levels in Poland were similar to other industrialized countries. The exposure in Ukraine was rather low. In the Greenlandic Inuit population, intake of seafood, tea, age and area of living were significant determinants of PFOS concentrations and explained about 22% of the variation. For the other populations no strong determinants were found.
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| 6. |
- Rylander, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Very high correlations between fresh weight and lipid-adjusted PCB-153 serum concentrations: Irrespective of fasting status, age, body mass index, gender, or exposure distributions.
- 2012
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 88:7, s. 828-831
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIM: Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) have in epidemiological studies been associated with health hazards. The exposure window might be crucial and it is, accordingly, important to analyze exposure concentrations in samples collected at the window of interest. This makes the use of stored blood samples extremely interesting. However, small blood volumes from stored samples in biobanks means that the researchers in epidemiological studies most often have to select a limited number of biomarkers representing the POP exposure and abstain from analyses of lipid concentrations. This raises the question of the necessity of lipid adjustment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between fresh weight and lipid adjusted concentrations. METHODS: We included data from studies were we have used the PCB congener 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) as a biomarker for POP exposure and where fresh weight as well as lipid adjusted PCB-153 concentrations are known (n=1628). The variety of the cohort members in the different studies gave us the possibility to better understand how well these measures correlate. RESULTS: When all individuals were included in the analyses a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between fresh weight and lipid adjusted serum concentrations was obtained. Restricting the analyses to specific subgroups (based on gender, fasting status, age and BMI) gave correlation coefficients between 0.85 and 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: This study does strongly support the use of samples from biobanks in epidemiological studies for analyzing PCBs, at least regarding PCB-153, even though it is not possible to lipid adjust the results.
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| 7. |
- Jakobsson, Kristina, et al.
(author)
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, colostrum and mature breast milk : Insights from a pilot study and the literature
- 2012
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In: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 47, s. 121-130
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human serum and mother's milk are frequently used to assess exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), including transplacental transfer to the foetus. However, little is known about the kinetics of PBDEs, especially the highly brominated BDE congeners.In this pilot study, maternal serum samples were collected from 10 women at delivery and five to six weeks post partum. Umbilical serum was also obtained. Milk was donated two to five days, and five to six weeks after delivery. The amount of PBDEs in these samples was determined using liquid–liquid extraction and GC/MS.Low, moderately and highly brominated diphenyl ethers were present in umbilical cord serum, indicating placental transfer. The lipid-adjusted levels of BDE-47, BDE-207 and BDE-209 were similar in maternal and umbilical cord serum, whereas the cord serum levels for the penta- to octa-BDEs quantified were lower than in maternal serum.Marked changes were seen in the congener pattern in breast milk during the first month of lactation, whereas maternal serum levels did not change significantly. The general pattern was an enrichment of low to moderately brominated congeners (i.e. from BDE-17 to BDE-154, with the exception of BDE-28) in colostrum compared with maternal serum. In contrast, more highly brominated congeners were found at similar, or lower levels in colostrum than in maternal serum. After the transition from colostrum to mature milk, the levels of BDE-153 and BDE-209 were substantially reduced, and BDE‐209 was below the limit of detection in 6 out of 9 samples.A literature review on the design and reporting of studies on the transfer of PBDEs from mother to infant revealed a lack of transparency in many cases. The use of the recently published STROBE-ME guidelines is therefore recommended.
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| 8. |
- Ode, Amanda, et al.
(author)
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Determinants of maternal and fetal exposure and temporal trends of perfluorinated compounds.
- 2013
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7499 .- 0944-1344. ; 20:11, s. 7970-7978
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, some perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been identified as potentially hazardous substances which are harmful to the environment and human health. According to limited data, PFC levels in humans could be influenced by several determinants. However, the findings are inconsistent. In the present study, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were measured in paired maternal and cord serum samples (N = 237) collected between 1978 and 2001 in Southern Sweden to study the relationship between these and to investigate several potential determinants of maternal and fetal exposure to PFCs. Time trends of PFCs in Swedish women were also evaluated. The study is a part of the Fetal Environment and Neurodevelopment Disorders in Epidemiological Research project. PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA levels (median) were higher in maternal serum (15, 2.1, and 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) than in cord serum (6.5, 1.7, and 0.20 ng/ml, respectively). PFC levels were among the highest in women originating from the Nordic countries and the lowest in women from the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Multiparous women had lower serum PFOA levels (1.7 ng/ml) than primiparous women (2.4 ng/ml). Maternal age, body mass index, cotinine levels, and whether women carried male or female fetuses did not affect serum PFC concentrations. Umbilical cord serum PFC concentrations showed roughly similar patterns as the maternal except for the gestational age where PFC levels increased with advancing gestational age. PFOS levels increased during the study period in native Swedish women. In summary, PFOS levels tend to increase while PFOA and PFNA levels were unchanged between 1978 and 2001 in our study population. Our results demonstrate that maternal country of origin, parity, and gestational age might be associated with PFC exposure.
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