| 1. |
- Biollaz, S., et al.
(författare)
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Gas analysis in gasification of biomass and waste : Guideline report: Document 1
- 2018
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gasification is generally acknowledged as one of the technologies that will enable the large-scale production of biofuels and chemicals from biomass and waste. One of the main technical challenges associated to the deployment of biomass gasification as a commercial technology is the cleaning and upgrading of the product gas. The contaminants of product gas from biomass/waste gasification include dust, tars, alkali metals, BTX, sulphur-, nitrogen- and chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. Proper measurement of the components and contaminants of the product gas is essential for the monitoring of gasification-based plants (efficiency, product quality, by-products), as well as for the proper design of the downstream gas cleaning train (for example, scrubbers, sorbents, etc.). In practice, a trade-off between reliability, accuracy and cost has to be reached when selecting the proper analysis technique for a specific application. The deployment and implementation of inexpensive yet accurate gas analysis techniques to monitor the fate of gas contaminants might play an important role in the commercialization of biomass and waste gasification processes.This special report commissioned by the IEA Bioenergy Task 33 group compiles a representative part of the extensive work developed in the last years by relevant actors in the field of gas analysis applied to(biomass and waste) gasification. The approach of this report has been based on the creation of a team of contributing partners who have supplied material to the report. This networking approach has been complemented with a literature review. The report is composed of a set of 2 documents. Document 1(the present report) describes the available analysis techniques (both commercial and underdevelopment) for the measurement of different compounds of interest present in gasification gas. The objective is to help the reader to properly select the analysis technique most suitable to the target compounds and the intended application. Document 1 also describes some examples of application of gas analysis at commercial-, pilot- and research gasification plants, as well as examples of recent and current joint research activities in the field. The information contained in Document 1 is complemented with a book of factsheets on gas analysis techniques in Document 2, and a collection of video blogs which illustrate some of the analysis techniques described in Documents 1 and 2.This guideline report would like to become a platform for the reinforcement of the network of partners working on the development and application of gas analysis, thus fostering collaboration and exchange of knowledge. As such, this report should become a living document which incorporates in future coming progress and developments in the field.
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| 2. |
- Biollaz, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Gas analysis in gasification of biomass and waste : Guideline report: Document 2 - Factsheets on gas analysis techniques
- 2018
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gasification is generally acknowledged as one of the technologies that will enable the large-scale production of biofuels and chemicals from biomass and waste. One of the main technical challenges associated to the deployment of biomass gasification as a commercial technology is the cleaning and upgrading of the product gas. The contaminants of product gas from biomass/waste gasification include dust, tars, alkali metals, BTX, sulphur-, nitrogen- and chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. Proper measurement of the components and contaminants of the product gas is essential for the monitoring of gasification-based plants (efficiency, product quality, by-products), as well as for the proper design of the downstream gas cleaning train (for example, scrubbers, sorbents, etc.). The deployment and implementation of inexpensive yet accurate gas analysis techniques to monitor the fate of gas contaminants might play an important role in the commercialization of biomass and waste gasification processes.This special report commissioned by the IEA Bioenergy Task 33 group compiles a representative part of the extensive work developed in the last years by relevant actors in the field of gas analysis applied to (biomass and waste) gasification. The approach of this report has been based on the creation of a team of contributing partners who have supplied material to the report. This networking approach has been complemented with a literature review. This guideline report would like to become a platform for the reinforcement of the network of partners working on the development and application of gas analysis, thus fostering collaboration and exchange of knowledge. As such, this report should become a living document which incorporates in future coming progress and developments in the field.
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| 3. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Monetary stabilisation policies and militarisation : The effects on social and class structure in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (1950-1985)
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyses the origins of neoliberalism in the Southern Cone; a process that has its origin in the period 1955-65 with the implementation of monetary stabilization policies, followed later by the structural adjustment programs. Both the monetary stabilization and the structural adjustment policies were global macroeconomic mechanisms to restructure the dynamic of capital accumulation and economic power relations. By promoting a freer flow of capital, the economic stabilisation policies facilitated the entry of foreign capital into the economies of the Southern Cone, predisposing the economies of the Southern Cone to the process of internationalisation of production and financial capital, which began to take shape after World War II more rigorously.This process can be understood within a double transformation of capital as 1) the destruction of the domestic bourgeoisie; a process of relative concentration of capital; and 2) the internationalization of finance capital; a process of absolute concentration or centralization of capital. Military rule was a necessary conditions for the project and process of ‘peripheral privatization’ through which capital was accumulated, but not mainly through the productive circuit of capital (M-C-M+). This process thus took place within a global transformation in the process of concentration of capital characterised by a shift in the domain that provided the productive sphere towards the financial and commercial spheres as mean to secure the valorization of capital, requiring the liberalization of international credits and financial markets, thus setting the bases for the expansion of neoliberalism as an accumulation regime, globally and within Latin America. Therefore neoliberalism and globalization found their grounds in Latin America’s ephemeral ‘national developmentalism’ promoted by ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean).
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| 4. |
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