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- Bjorn, A., et al.
(författare)
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Review of life-cycle based methods for absolute environmental sustainability assessment and their applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 1748-9326 .- 1748-9318. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many regions and at the planetary scale, human pressures on the environment exceed levels that natural systems can sustain. These pressures are caused by networks of human activities, which often extend across countries and continents due to global trade. This has led to an increasing requirement for methods that enable absolute environmental sustainability assessment (AESA) of anthropogenic systems and which have a basis in life cycle assessment (LCA). Such methods enable the comparison of environmental impacts of products, companies, nations, etc, with an assigned share of environmental carrying capacity for various impact categories. This study is the first systematic review of LCA-based AESA methods and their applications. After developing a framework for LCA-based AESA methods, we identified 45 relevant studies through an initial survey, database searches and citation analysis. We characterized these studies according to their intended application, impact categories, basis of carrying capacity estimates, spatial differentiation of environmental model and principles for assigning carrying capacity. We then characterized all method applications and synthesized their results. Based on this assessment, we present recommendations to practitioners on the selection and use of existing LCA-based AESA methods, as well as ways to perform assessments and communicate results to decision-makers. Furthermore, we identify future research priorities intended to extend coverage of all components of the proposed method framework, improve modeling and increase the applicability of methods. © 2020 The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Brogren, M, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the effects of outdoor and accelerated ageing on the optical properties of reflector materials for solar energy applications
- 2004
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248. ; 82:4, s. 491-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lifetime tests of solar reflector materials are eligible prior to application, to prove the stability of the optical properties. In this work, six reflector materials were aged outdoors and in a climatic test chamber. The surfaces of the samples were inspected using profilometry and optical microscopy. The total and specular reflectance spectra were measured using spectrophotometry and the weighted solar reflectance values were calculated before and after ageing. Reflectors of silvered glass, anodised aluminium, thin film-coated anodised aluminium, and lacquered rolled aluminium withstood accelerated testing well, while a laminated evaporated aluminium reflector, which was specular initially, became diffuse. Laminated and lacquered reflectors withstood outdoor ageing better than expected from accelerated ageing and better than unprotected thin film-coated and anodised aluminium, which degraded significantly outdoors. Thus, optical degradation depends on climatic conditions and on the protective layer, if applicable. The discrepancy between results from outdoor and accelerated ageing shows that a thorough understanding of corrosion processes is necessary for drawing conclusions about long-term performance from accelerated ageing tests. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon footprints in the textile industry
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Textiles and Clothing. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 9780081001691 - 9780081001875 ; , s. 3-30
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Sandin, Gustav A, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental assessment of Swedish clothing consumption - six garments, sustainable futures
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this work was to map and understand the current environmental impact of Swedish clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impact of six garments: a T-shirt, a pair of jeans, a dress, a jacket, a pair of socks, and a hospital uniform, using indicators of climate impact (also called “carbon footprint”), energy use, water scarcity, land use impact on soil quality, freshwater ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. The environmental impact of the six garments was then scaled up to represent Swedish national clothing consumption over one year.In addition to fulfilling this aim, the report is a unique and rich source of transparently documented inventory data on a large number of textile processes – hopefully this can be of use for other LCA practitioners. The report updates Roos et al. (2015), which was the first detailed LCA study of Swedish clothing consumption at the national level. Since the publication of the first edition, several LCA studies of textile production processes and global apparel consumption have been published, which have enabled us to refine the inventory model and benchmark the results.The work was done in Mistra Future Fashion, a cross-disciplinary research program in 2011-2019 which aimed to enable a systemic change in the Swedish fashion industry leading to sustainable development in industry and society.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Niklasson, Gunnar A., et al.
(författare)
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Surface roughness of pyrolytic tin dioxide films evaluated by different methods
- 2000
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 359:2, s. 203-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scaling of surface roughness in thin spray pyrolyzed fluorinated tin dioxide films of different thicknesses was obtained from atomic force microscopy. The data show that, within experimental uncertainties, the effective dimensionality of the surface is 2; hence no evidence of fractal surface roughness was found. Other methods – based upon light scattering and cyclic voltammetry – gave additional information on the surface topography. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show that the reaction sites on the surface are distributed in a fractal structure and may be identified with hillocks seen in surface reliefs.
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| 9. |
- Noda, H., et al.
(författare)
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Development of Evaluation Model for Substation Damage
- 2011
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0885-8977 .- 1937-4208. ; 26:3, s. 1920-1926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Society's demand for power is constantly increasing. To overcome the strains, substations are more commonly being built within urban areas. This has its shortcomings, since a substation poses a level of risk. For the first time, the development of an evaluation model for costs associated with substation incidents in urban areas was achieved by Toshiba with the cooperation of the Chalmers University of Technology. This paper discusses an evaluation model for quantifying damages in comparison between a gas-insulated transformer (GIT) and an oil-immersed transformer (OIT) in urban areas. The related damage costs associated with transformer failure during its operation are studied within this paper. The findings from the case study, utilizing a hypothetical scenario setting, were that the damage cost of OIT is in the range of U.S.$1M-$4M and that of the GIT is about U.S.$0.5M-$1.2M.
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| 10. |
- Roos, A., et al.
(författare)
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Diffuse reflectance and transmittance spectra of an interference layer : 1. Model formulation and properties
- 1994
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Ingår i: Applied Optics. - 1559-128X .- 2155-3165. ; 33:34, s. 7908-7917
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A model for the calculation of the diffuse reflectance and transmittance of a single interference layer with rough interfaces on a transparent substrate is presented. The model is based on electric field calculations and scalar scattering theory, and it assumes that the interfaces of the layer are totally uncorrelated. Examples are given of calculated spectra in which the parameters of the model are varied systematically to show the influence from different interface roughness and refractive index combinations as well as absorption in the film. A wavelength-dependent effective root-mean-square roughness is introduced. This depends on the nature of the roughness, and the bandwidth limits are given by the experimental conditions. Finally, total integrated scattering spectra are calculated and the importance of taking multiple reflections in the substrate into account is shown.
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