| 1. |
- Rosén, Christoffer, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Neurology. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319012254 ; , s. 329-351
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditionally, patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been diagnosed according to clinical criteria, and a diagnosis has only been made in the dementia stage of the disease. Defi nite diagnosis required autopsy to confi rm the neuropathological fi ndings associated with AD, namely, extracellular depositions of amyloid a (Aa) protein and intraneuronal neurofi brillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) protein, together with gross cortical atrophy caused by neuronal degeneration and loss. These fi ndings are refl ected in the cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF) of patients with AD. Numerous studies have shown that AD patients have lower levels of Aa42 and higher levels of P-tau and total tau (T-tau) in CSF than cognitively healthy controls. In the new diagnostic criteria for AD, these CSF biomarkers are included as in vivo evidence of AD neuropathology together with positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of global cortical amyloid load. Further, AD is now divided into several disease stages, namely, preclinical AD and mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to AD. In this chapter, we review CSF biomarker characteristics for the various disease stages for AD and how to use them in the differentiation against other common neurodegenerative disorders. New candidate CSF biomarkers for AD are also presented, as well as a discussion on the standardization of biomarkers and their application in clinical trials. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
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| 2. |
- Zetterberg, Henrik, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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CSF in Alzheimer's Disease
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Volume 65. Gregory S. Makowski (Ed.). - : Academic Press Inc.. - 9780128022665
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42-amino acid protein called amyloid β, and N-terminally truncated fragments thereof, in extracellular senile plaques together with intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Clinical chemistry tests for these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples. Here, we review what these markers have taught us on the disease process in AD and how they can be implemented in routine clinical chemistry. We also provide an update on new marker development and ongoing analytical standardization effort. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
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