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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 5. |
- Lapauw, T., et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of the new MAX phase Zr2AlC
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0955-2219 .- 1873-619X. ; 36:8, s. 1847-1853
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports on the first experimental evidence of the existence of the Zr2AlC MAX phase, synthesised by means of reactive hot pressing of a ZrH2, Al and C powder mixture. The crystal structure of this compound was investigated by X-ray and neutron diffraction. The lattice parameters were determined and confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The effect of varying the synthesis temperature was investigated, indicating a relatively narrow temperature window for the synthesis of Zr2AlC. ZrC was always present as a secondary phase by hot pressing in the 1475-1575 degrees C range.
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| 6. |
- Patrick, Matthew T., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic signature to provide robust risk assessment of psoriatic arthritis development in psoriasis patients
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex chronic musculoskeletal condition that occurs in similar to 30% of psoriasis patients. Currently, no systematic strategy is available that utilizes the differences in genetic architecture between PsA and cutaneous-only psoriasis (PsC) to assess PsA risk before symptoms appear. Here, we introduce a computational pipeline for predicting PsA among psoriasis patients using data from six cohorts with amp;gt;7000 genotyped PsA and PsC patients. We identify 9 new loci for psoriasis or its subtypes and achieve 0.82 area under the receiver operator curve in distinguishing PsA vs. PsC when using 200 genetic markers. Among the top 5% of our PsA prediction we achieve amp;gt;90% precision with 100% specificity and 16% recall for predicting PsA among psoriatic patients, using conditional inference forest or shrinkage discriminant analysis. Combining statistical and machine-learning techniques, we show that the underlying genetic differences between psoriasis subtypes can be used for individualized subtype risk assessment.
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| 7. |
- Chaix-Pluchery, O., et al.
(författare)
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First-order Raman scattering in three-layered Mo-based ternaries: MoAlB, Mo2Ga2C and Mo2GaC
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. - : WILEY. - 0377-0486 .- 1097-4555. ; 48:5, s. 631-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we report, for the first time, on the first-order Raman spectra of the layered Mo-based ternaries: MoAlB, Mo2Ga2C and Mo2GaC. Polycrystalline samples were fabricated, and well-defined Raman spectra were recorded. When the experimental peak positions were compared with those predicted from density functional theory, good agreement was obtained, indirectly validating both. Furthermore, all modes in the three compounds were symmetry assigned. Copyright (c) 2017 John Wiley amp; Sons, Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Champagne, A., et al.
(författare)
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First-order Raman scattering of rare-earth containing i-MAX single crystals (Mo2/3RE1/3)(2)AlC (RE = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical Review Materials. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2475-9953. ; 3:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, we report on the growth of single crystals of various (Mo2/3RE1/3)(2)AlC (RE = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er) i-MAX phases and their Raman characterization. Using first principles, the wave numbers of the various phonon modes and their relative atomic displacements are calculated and compared to experimental results. Twelve high-intensity Raman peaks are identified as the fingerprint of this new family of rare-earth containing i-MAX phases, thus being a useful tool to investigate their corresponding composition and structural properties. Indeed, while a redshift is observed in the low-wave-number range due to an increase of the rare-earth atomic mass when moving from left to right on the lanthanide row, a blueshift is observed for most of the high-wave-number modes due to a strengthening of the bonds. A complete classification of bond stiffnesses is achieved based on the direct dependence of a phonon mode wave number with respect to the bond stiffness. Finally, STEM images are used to confirm the crystal structure.
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| 9. |
- Grossmann, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
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On-surface photopolymerization of two-dimensional polymers ordered on the mesoscale
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Chemistry. - : Springer Nature. - 1755-4330 .- 1755-4349. ; 13:8, s. 730-736
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of solid supports and ultra-high vacuum conditions for the synthesis of two-dimensional polymers is attractive, as it can enable thorough characterization, often with submolecular resolution, and prevent contamination. However, most on-surface polymerizations are thermally activated, which often leads to high defect densities and relatively small domain sizes. Here, we have obtained a porous two-dimensional polymer that is ordered on the mesoscale by the two-staged topochemical photopolymerization of fluorinated anthracene triptycene (fantrip) monomers on alkane-passivated graphite surfaces under ultra-high vacuum. First, the fantrip monomers self-assemble into highly ordered monolayer structures, where all anthracene moieties adopt a suitable arrangement for photopolymerization. Irradiation with violet light then induces complete covalent cross-linking by [4+4] photocycloaddition to form a two-dimensional polymer, while fully preserving the long-range order of the self-assembled structure. The extent of the polymerization is confirmed by local infrared spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy characterization, in agreement with density functional theory calculations, which also gives mechanistic insights.
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| 10. |
- Grossmann, Lukas, et al.
(författare)
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Steering Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Iptycenes on Au(111) by Tuning Molecule-Surface Interactions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 61:25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-assembly of three-dimensional molecules is scarcely studied on surfaces. Their modes of adsorption can exhibit far greater variability compared to (nearly) planar molecules that adsorb mostly flat on surfaces. This additional degree of freedom can have decisive consequences for the expression of intermolecular binding motifs, hence the formation of supramolecular structures. The determining molecule-surface interactions can be widely tuned, thereby providing a new powerful lever for crystal engineering in two dimensions. Here, we study the self-assembly of triptycene derivatives with anthracene blades on Au(111) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Density Functional Theory. The impact of molecule-surface interactions was experimentally tested by comparing pristine with iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces. Thereby, we observed a fundamental change of the adsorption mode that triggered self-assembly of an entirely different structure.
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