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- Elert, Niklas, 1983-
(author)
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Economic dynamism : essays on firm entry and firm growth
- 2014
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The topic of this thesis is economic dynamism. The five articles contribute to the literature on firm entry and firm growth. Studies are based on a dataset covering all Swedish limited liability firms between 1997 and 2010.The first article investigates conditions for firm entry in Sweden, distinguishing regular entrants from entrants that survive for at least two years, modelling the firm entry decision using count data models. While high income and a well-educated population had a positive effect, the effect was more important for surviving entrants. The second article uses a similar method, but focuses on wholesale industries and distinguishes between regular entry and in migration of firms, i.e. when an incumbent firm relocates its operations. Access to a university, many educated workers and low local taxes had positive effects. Better access to infrastructure had a strong positive effect on entrants, but it was smaller for in-migrating firms. The third article investigates if the industry context matters for whether Gibrat’s law holds, i.e. whether firm growth is independent of firm size. The law is found more likely to be rejected in industries with a high minimum efficient scale and a large number of firms located in metropolitan areas, but more likely to hold in industries with high market concentration and more group ownership. The fourth and fifth article contribute to the high-growth firms (HGFs) literature. In the fourth article it is examined whether the way HGFs are defined matters for the policy implications. It is found that the economic contributions of HGFs differ significantly depending on definition. Young firms are however more likely to be HGFs irrespective of definition. The fifth article considers the frequent argument that policymakers should target high-tech firms, i.e., firms with high R&D intensity, because such firms are thought more likely to become HGFs. We examine this assumption by studying the industry distribution of HGFs. Results indicate that industries with high R&D intensity, ceteris paribus, can be expected to have a lower share of HGFs than can industries with lower R&D intensity. By contrast, we find that HGFs are overrepresented in service industries with a high share of human capital.
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| 2. |
- Elert, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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Start-ups and firm in-migration : Evidence from the Swedish wholesale and trade industry
- 2013
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In: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 51:2, s. 479-494
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use a data set covering 13,471 Swedish limited liability firms in theSwedish wholesale industries during 2000–2004 to ascertain the determinants of newstart-ups and of in-migration of firms. Access to a large harbor, international airport orlarge railroad classification yard in the municipality nearly triples the number of start-ups and increases the expected number of in-migrating firms with 53%. The presenceof a university, many educated workers and low local taxes are also associated withmore start-ups and firm in-migration.
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| 3. |
- Ankarhem, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Do Regional Investment Grants Improve Firm Performance? : Evidence from Sweden
- 2010
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In: Technology and Investment. - Irvine, USA : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2150-4059. ; 1:3, s. 221-227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of Swedish regional investment grants during 1990-1999 on firm performance, in terms of returns on equity and number of employees, were studied using a propensity-score matching-method to control for sample selection. Firms that received grants did not perform better in terms of returns on equity when compared to matched firms in the control group. In most years, recipient firms also did not hire more employees. The results thus cast doubt on the use of regional investment grants as a general policy instrument to improve firm performance.
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| 4. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(author)
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The impact of generic drug competition on brand name market shares - evidence from micro data
- 2001
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In: Review of Industrial Organization. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0889-938X .- 1573-7160. ; 19:4, s. 423-433
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyses how market shares for brand name drugs are affected by generic competition. The analysis is based on micro data for twelve different original drugs, which are all subject to generic competition. For five of these drugs, we find that the price of the original relative to the average price of the generic substitutes significantly affects the market share of the original drug. In addition, the introduction of a so called "reference price" system appears to have had a significant impact on the market shares of five original drugs.
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| 5. |
- Bask, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Market power in the expanding Nordic power market
- 2011
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In: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 43:9, s. 1035-1043
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine if the Nordic power market, Nord Pool, has been competitive or if electricity suppliers have had market power. Specifically, since the evolution from national markets to a multi-national and largely deregulated power market has taken place stepwise, we also examine how the degree of market power has evolved during this integration process. The Bresnahan-Lau method together with weekly data during 1996-2004 are used in the analysis, which shows that electricity suppliers have had small, but statistically significant, market power, but that the market power has been reduced as the Nord Pool area has expanded
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bergman, Mats A., et al.
(author)
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Reforming the Swedish pharmaceuticals market : Consequences for costs per defined daily dose
- 2016
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In: International Journal of Health Economics and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-9023 .- 2199-9031. ; 16:3, s. 201-214
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2009 and 2010, the Swedish pharmaceuticals market was reformed. One of the stated policy goals was to achieve low costs for pharmaceutical products dispensed in Sweden. We use price and sales data for off-patent brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals to estimate a log-linear regression model, allowing us to assess how the policy changes affected the cost per defined daily dose. The estimated effect is an 18 % cost reduction per defined daily dose at the retail level and a 34 % reduction in the prices at the wholesale level (pharmacies’ purchase prices). The empirical results suggest that the cost reductions were caused by the introduction of a price cap, an obligation to dispense the lowest-cost generic substitute available in the whole Swedish market, and the introduction of well-defined exchange groups. The reforms thus reduced the cost per defined daily dose for consumers while being advantageous also for the pharmacies, who saw their retail margins increase. However, pharmaceutical firms supplying off-patent pharmaceuticals experienced a clear reduction in the price received for their products.
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| 8. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(author)
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Squeezing the last drop out of your suppliers : an empirical study of market-based purchasing policies for generic pharmaceuticals
- 2017
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In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0305-9049 .- 1468-0084. ; 79:6, s. 969-996
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the effect of the degree of exclusivity for the lowest bidder on the averageprice of generic pharmaceuticals in the short and long terms. Our results indicate that a1-percentage-point gain in market share of the lowest bidder reduces average costs by 0.2%in the short term and 0.8% in the long term, but also reduces the number of firms by 1%.We find that reducing the number of firms has a strong positive (and hence counteracting)effect on average prices, a 1% reduction raising prices by approximately 1%.
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