| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
Free immigration and welfare access: the Swedish experience
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Fiscal studies. - : Wiley. - 0143-5671 .- 1475-5890. ; 35:1, s. 19-39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the expansion of the European Union from 15 to 25 member countries in 2004, fears of migrants’ excessive welfare use led 14 of the 15 older member countries to impose restrictions on the access of citizens of the new member countries – the A10 countries – to their welfare systems. Sweden was the only exception. This paper evaluates the net contribution of post-enlargement A10 immigrants to Swedish public finances in 2007. On average, A10 immigrants generate less public revenue than the population on average, but they also cost less. The net result is a zero or small positive net contribution. In particular, A10 immigrants do not benefit more from basic social welfare than the population on average. The discounted net contribution over the A10 immigrants’ lifetimes may be positive or negative depending, for example, on their income assimilation rates and on future real interest rates.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
How the macroeconomic context impacts on attitudes to immigration: Evidence from within-country variation
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Social Science Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0049-089X .- 1096-0317. ; 60:November, s. 125-134
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effects of the macroeconomic context on attitudes to immigration. Earlier studies do in some cases not provide significant empirical support for the existence of important such effects. In this article it is argued that this lack of consistent evidence is mainly due to the cross-national setup of these studies being vulnerable to estimation bias caused by country-specific factors. The present study instead analyzes attitude variation within countries over time. The results provide firm empirical support in favor of macroeconomic variation importantly affecting attitudes to immigration. As an illustration, the estimates indicate that the number of individuals in the average European country in 2012 who were against all immigration from poorer countries outside Europe was 40% higher than it would have been if macroeconomic conditions in that year had been as good as they were in 2006.
|
|
| 4. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
Immigrant-native wage gaps in time-series: Complementarities or composition effects?
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765. ; 119:2, s. 154-156
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown that immigrants’ wages decrease when the supply of immigrants increases. This negative correlation has been interpreted as evidence of immigrant–native complementarities in production. The present study finds that it is instead due to changing immigrant composition.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
Outmigration and income assimilation during the first post-EU-enlargement migrants’ first decade in Sweden
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study follows a random sample of 20% of the earliest post-EU-enlargement immigrants during their first decade in Sweden, studying their patterns of outmigration and income assimilation. The results show that outmigration is low: around 80% appear to be still present in Sweden during the full year 2013. Annual outmigration probabilities are near zero among migrants that earned an income that was at least high enough to live on in the previous year. Those leaving Sweden are thus mostly “failed migrants”, who did not manage to provide for themselves. Early income is far higher for male than for female migrants, with most females who live in couples initially earning zero income. Yet after less than one decade the gender gap in income is not larger than that in the total Swedish population of similar ages. Together with female migrants being better educated when migrating, this indicates strong male dominance in the migration decision, yet mostly so in the short term: For migration to happen, the short-term job opportunities of the male partner, and the longer-term prospects of the female, both needed to be favorable.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
Refugee immigration and public finances in Sweden
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study estimates the fiscal cost of refugee immigration. This is done by calculating the total value of economic resources that are redistributed through the public sector in Sweden in 2007 to the population of immigrants who once arrived in the country as refugees or their family members. The total redistribution corresponds to 1.0% of Swedish GDP in the same year. Four-fifths of it is due to lower public per-capita revenues from refugees compared with the total population, and one-fifth is due to higher per-capita public costs associated with refugees.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
The fiscal aspect of the refugee crisis
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Tax and Public Finance. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0927-5940 .- 1573-6970.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important part of the resistance to higher refugee immigration in rich countries is due to the fear of the negative fiscal consequences. Yet this article shows that the fiscal consequences even of substantially increased refugee immigration are likely to be quite modest. According to the estimates, if the European Union received all refugees currently in Asia and Africa, the implied average annual fiscal cost over the lifetime of these refugees would be at most 0.6% of the union's GDP. If other rich countries also shared the burden, the cost per country would be even lower.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
-
The Fiscal Consequences of Unrestricted Immigration from Romania and Bulgaria
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When Romania and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007 Sweden was one of two EU15 countries that did not restrict access to its labor market and welfare systems for Romanian and Bulgarian citizens. This article evaluates the net fiscal contribution in 2011 of Romanian and Bulgarian migrants who arrived in Sweden under this migration regime in 2007-2010. The average net contribution is found to be substantially positive: around 30,000 kronor, or onesixth of public sector turnover per capita. This result is used to discuss expected corresponding net contributions in other EU15 countries, several of which lifted their restrictions on January 1st, 2014. The United Kingdom and Ireland stand out as two countries that unambiguously have reason to expect even more positive contributions.
|
|
