| 1. |
- Barath, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : BioMed Central. - 1743-8977. ; 7:1, s. 19-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Traffic emissions including diesel engine exhaust are associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure studies have demonstrated impaired vascular function after inhalation of exhaust generated by a diesel engine under idling conditions.OBJECTIVES: To assess the vascular and fibrinolytic effects of exposure to diesel exhaust generated during urban-cycle running conditions that mimic ambient 'real-world' exposures.METHODS: In a randomised double-blind crossover study, eighteen healthy male volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust (approximately 250 mug/m3) or filtered air for one hour during intermittent exercise. Diesel exhaust was generated during the urban part of the standardized European Transient Cycle. Six hours post-exposure, vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function was assessed during venous occlusion plethysmography with intra-arterial agonist infusions.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forearm blood flow increased in a dose-dependent manner with both endothelial-dependent (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and endothelial-independent (sodium nitroprusside and verapamil) vasodilators. Diesel exhaust exposure attenuated the vasodilatation to acetylcholine (P < 0.001), bradykinin (P < 0.05), sodium nitroprusside (P < 0.05) and verapamil (P < 0.001). In addition, the net release of tissue plasminogen activator during bradykinin infusion was impaired following diesel exhaust exposure (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Exposure to diesel exhaust generated under transient running conditions, as a relevant model of urban air pollution, impairs vasomotor function and endogenous fibrinolysis in a similar way as exposure to diesel exhaust generated at idling. This indicates that adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation occur over different running conditions with varying exhaust composition and concentrations as well as physicochemical particle properties. Importantly, exposure to diesel exhaust under ETC conditions was also associated with a novel finding of impaired of calcium channel-dependent vasomotor function. This implies that certain cardiovascular endpoints seem to be related to general diesel exhaust properties, whereas the novel calcium flux-related effect may be associated with exhaust properties more specific for the ETC condition, for example a higher content of diesel soot particles along with their adsorbed organic compounds.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bølling, Anette Kocbach, et al.
(författare)
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Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Particle and fibre toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-8977. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to several adverse cardiopulmonary effects, probably via biological mechanisms involving inflammation. The pro-inflammatory potential of PM depends on the particles' physical and chemical characteristics, which again depend on the emitting source. Wood combustion is a major source of ambient air pollution in northern countries during the winter season. The overall aim of this study was therefore to investigate the cellular responses to wood smoke particles (WSPs) collected from different phases of the combustion cycle, and from combustion at different temperatures. RESULTS: WSPs from different phases of the combustion cycle induced very similar effects on pro-inflammatory mediator release, cytotoxicity and cell number, whereas WSPs from medium-temperature combustion were more cytotoxic than WSPs from high-temperature incomplete combustion. Furthermore, comparisons of effects induced by native WSPs with the corresponding organic extracts and washed particles revealed that the organic fraction was the most important determinant for the WSP-induced effects. However, the responses induced by the organic fraction could generally not be linked to the content of the measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that also other organic compounds were involved. CONCLUSION: The toxicity of WSPs seems to a large extent to be determined by stove type and combustion conditions, rather than the phase of the combustion cycle. Notably, this toxicity seems to strongly depend on the organic fraction, and it is probably associated with organic components other than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs.
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| 4. |
- Hunter, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of wood smoke exposure on vascular function and thrombus formation in healthy fire fighters
- 2014
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1743-8977. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death in fire fighters and has been linked with exposure to air pollution and fire suppression duties. We therefore investigated the effects of wood smoke exposure on vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function, and thrombus formation in healthy fire fighters. Methods: In a double-blind randomized cross-over study, 16 healthy male fire fighters were exposed to wood smoke (~1 mg/m3 particulate matter concentration) or filtered air for one hour during intermittent exercise. Arterial pressure and stiffness were measured before and immediately after exposure, and forearm blood flow was measured during intra-brachial infusion of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators 4–6 hours after exposure. Thrombus formation was assessed using the ex vivo Badimon chamber at 2 hours, and platelet activation was measured using flow cytometry for up to 24 hours after the exposure. Results: Compared to filtered air, exposure to wood smoke increased blood carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations (1.3% versus 0.8%; P < 0.001), but had no effect on arterial pressure, augmentation index or pulse wave velocity (P > 0.05 for all). Whilst there was a dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow with each vasodilator (P < 0.01 for all), there were no differences in blood flow responses to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside or verapamil between exposures (P > 0.05 for all). Following exposure to wood smoke, vasodilatation to bradykinin increased (P = 0.003), but there was no effect on bradykinin-induced tissue-plasminogen activator release, thrombus area or markers of platelet activation (P > 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Wood smoke exposure does not impair vascular vasomotor or fibrinolytic function, or increase thrombus formation in fire fighters. Acute cardiovascular events following fire suppression may be precipitated by exposure to other air pollutants or through other mechanisms, such as strenuous physical exertion and dehydration.
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| 5. |
- Muala, Ala, et al.
(författare)
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Acute exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion - indications of cytotoxicity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-8977. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Smoke from combustion of biomass fuels is a major risk factor for respiratory disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion would elicit airway inflammation in humans. Methods: Fourteen healthy subjects underwent controlled exposures on two separate occasions to filtered air and wood smoke from incomplete combustion with PM1 concentration at 314 mu g/m(3) for 3 h in a chamber. Bronchoscopy with bronchial wash (BW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial mucosal biopsies was performed after 24 h. Differential cell counts and soluble components were analyzed, with biopsies stained for inflammatory markers using immunohistochemistry. In parallel experiments, the toxicity of the particulate matter (PM) generated during the chamber exposures was investigated in vitro using the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Results: Significant reductions in macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers were observed in BW (p < 0.01, < 0.05, < 0.05, respectively) following the wood smoke exposure, with a reduction in lymphocytes numbers in BAL fluid (< 0.01. This unexpected cellular response was accompanied by decreased levels of sICAM-1, MPO and MMP-9 (p < 0.05, < 0.05 and < 0.01). In contrast, significant increases in submucosal and epithelial CD3+ cells, epithelial CD8+ cells and submucosal mast cells (p < 0.01, < 0.05, < 0.05 and < 0.05, respectively), were observed after wood smoke exposure. The in vitro data demonstrated that wood smoke particles generated under these incomplete combustion conditions induced cell death and DNA damage, with only minor inflammatory responses. Conclusions: Short-term exposure to sooty PAH rich wood smoke did not induce an acute neutrophilic inflammation, a classic hallmark of air pollution exposure in humans. While minor proinflammatory lymphocytic and mast cells effects were observed in the bronchial biopsies, significant reductions in BW and BAL cells and soluble components were noted. This unexpected observation, combined with the in vitro data, suggests that wood smoke particles from incomplete combustion could be potentially cytotoxic. Additional research is required to establish the mechanism of this dramatic reduction in airway leukocytes and to clarify how this acute response contributes to the adverse health effects attributed to wood smoke exposure.
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| 6. |
- Muala, Ala, et al.
(författare)
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Bronchial mucosal inflammation in healthy subjects after exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Indoor smoke from combustion of solid biomass fuel is a major risk factor for respiratory disease worldwide. The mechanisms by which wood smoke exhibits its effects on human health are not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to wood smoke produced from incomplete combustion would elicit an airway inflammatory response.Methods Fourteen healthy subjects underwent controlled chamber exposure on two occasions to filtered air and to sooty wood smoke (PM1 ~ 314 μg/m3), generated by a common Nordic wood stove firing birch logs. The study was performed with a double-blind randomized cross-over design and the subjects alternated between exercise (VE=20 L/min/m2) and rest at 15-minute intervals for 3 hours. Bronchoscopies were performed 24 hours after each exposure where bronchial wash (BW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial biopsies were taken. Differential cell counts and soluble components were analyzed in BW and BAL. Bronchial mucosal biopsies were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Blood tests for inflammatory markers were sampled pre-exposure as well as at 24 and 44-hour time points post-exposure. Spirometry and Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) were performed before, immediately after and 24 hours after each exposure.Results There was a significant increase in submucosal and epithelial CD3+ lymphocytes (p<0.01 and <0.05 respectively), together with CD8+ cells in the epithelium (p<0.05) after exposure to wood smoke compared to filtered air. Mast cells were also significantly increased in the submucosa (p<0.01) after wood smoke exposure.There were significant reductions in macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BW after exposure to wood smoke compared to filtered air, accompanied by decreased levels of soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). No significant effects on cell numbers or acute inflammatory markers were demonstrated in BAL fluid or peripheral blood. Lung function and FENO were not affected by exposure to wood smoke.Conclusions Wood smoke exposure caused a significant increase in bronchial epithelial and submucosal CD3+ lymphocytes together with an increase in mucosal mast cells. Further examination revealed a significant increase in CD8+ lymphocytes within the epithelium. Unexpectedly there were no indications of any neutrophilic airway response or recruitment of alveolar macrophages. BW cell numbers, MPO and MMP-9 levels were also significantly reduced after wood smoke exposure. Further research is needed to determine the precise role of these events in relationship to the adverse health effects attributed to wood smoke exposure.
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| 7. |
- Nyström, Robin, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Physical and chemical properties of RME biodiesel exhaust particles without engine modifications
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 186, s. 261-269
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major contributor to ambient particulate air pollution is exhaust from diesel engines and other vehicles,which can be linked to different adverse health effects. During the last decades, a global drive towardsfinding sustainable and clean bio-based alternative fuels for the transport sector has taken place and biodieselis one of the most established alternatives today. To better assess the overall effects on a publichealth level when introducing biodiesel and other renewable fuels, a better understanding of the detailedexhaust particle properties, is needed. In this work, the physical and chemical properties of biodieselexhaust particles were studied in comparison to standard diesel exhaust emissions, in an existing enginewithout modifications, focusing on particulate carbonaceous matter and PAH/Oxy-PAH as well as fineparticle size distribution. An older off-road engine, produced between 1996 and 2004, was used withthree different fuels/fuel blends; (1) 100 wt% low-sulfur standard petro diesel (SD), (2) 100 wt% rapeseedmethyl ester biodiesel (B100) and (3) a blended fuel – B30 consisting of 30 wt% RME and 70 wt% SD. Thestudy focused mainly on emissions from transient engine operation, but includes also idling conditions.The gaseous emissions measured for the biodiesel fuel were in general in accordance with previousreported data in the literature, and compared to the standard petro diesel the emissions of CO was lowerwhile NOx emissions increased. The particulate mass concentration during transient operation wasalmost halved compared to when petro diesel was used and this was associated with a decrease in averageparticle size. The shift in particle mass and size was associated with a higher fraction of organic matterin general, considerable less PAH’s but a relative higher fraction of Oxy-PAH’s, when shifting frompetro diesel to biodiesel.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Sehlstedt, Maria, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Antioxidant airway responses following experimental exposure to wood smoke in man
- 2010
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-8977. ; 7, s. 21-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Biomass combustion contributes to the production of ambient particulate matter (PM) in rural environments as well as urban settings, but relatively little is known about the health effects of these emissions. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize airway responses in humans exposed to wood smoke PM under controlled conditions. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to both wood smoke, at a particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration of 224 +/- 22 mu g/m(3), and filtered air for three hours with intermittent exercise. The wood smoke was generated employing an experimental set-up with an adjustable wood pellet boiler system under incomplete combustion. Symptoms, lung function, and exhaled NO were measured over exposures, with bronchoscopy performed 24 h post-exposure for characterisation of airway inflammatory and antioxidant responses in airway lavages. Results: Glutathione (GSH) concentrations were enhanced in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after wood smoke exposure vs. air (p = 0.025), together with an increase in upper airway symptoms. Neither lung function, exhaled NO nor systemic nor airway inflammatory parameters in BAL and bronchial mucosal biopsies were significantly affected. Conclusions: Exposure of healthy subjects to wood smoke, derived from an experimental wood pellet boiler operating under incomplete combustion conditions with PM emissions dominated by organic matter, caused an increase in mucosal symptoms and GSH in the alveolar respiratory tract lining fluids but no acute airway inflammatory responses. We contend that this response reflects a mobilisation of GSH to the air-lung interface, consistent with a protective adaptation to the investigated wood smoke exposure.
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| 10. |
- Unosson, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Acute cardiovascular effects of controlled exposure to dilute Petrodiesel and biodiesel exhaust in healthy volunteers : a crossover study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Particle and Fibre Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1743-8977. ; 18:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAir pollution derived from combustion is associated with considerable cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality in addition to environmental effects. Replacing petrodiesel with biodiesel may have ecological benefits, but impacts on human health remain unquantified.The objective was to compare acute cardiovascular effects of blended and pure biodiesel exhaust exposure against known adverse effects of petrodiesel exhaust (PDE) exposure in human subjects.In two randomized controlled double-blind crossover studies, healthy volunteers were exposed to PDE or biodiesel exhaust for one hour. In study one, 16 subjects were exposed, on separate occasions, to PDE and 30% rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel blend (RME30) exhaust, aiming at PM10 300 μg/m3. In study two, 19 male subjects were separately exposed to PDE and exhaust from a 100% RME fuel (RME100) using similar engine load and exhaust dilution. Generated exhaust was analyzed for physicochemical composition and oxidative potential. Following exposure, vascular endothelial function was assessed using forearm venous occlusion plethysmography and ex vivo thrombus formation was assessed using a Badimon chamber model of acute arterial injury. Biomarkers of inflammation, platelet activation and fibrinolysis were measured in the blood.ResultsIn study 1, PDE and RME30 exposures were at comparable PM levels (314 ± 27 μg/m3; (PM10 ± SD) and 309 ± 30 μg/m3 respectively), whereas in study 2, the PDE exposure concentrations remained similar (310 ± 34 μg/m3), but RME100 levels were lower in PM (165 ± 16 μg/m3) and PAHs, but higher in particle number concentration. Compared to PDE, PM from RME had less oxidative potential. Forearm infusion of the vasodilators acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside and verapamil resulted in dose-dependent increases in blood flow after all exposures. Vasodilatation and ex vivo thrombus formation were similar following exposure to exhaust from petrodiesel and the two biodiesel formulations (RME30 and RME100). There were no significant differences in blood biomarkers or exhaled nitric oxide levels between exposures.ConclusionsDespite differences in PM composition and particle reactivity, controlled exposure to biodiesel exhaust was associated with similar cardiovascular effects to PDE. We suggest that the potential adverse health effects of biodiesel fuel emissions should be taken into account when evaluating future fuel policies.
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