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1.
  • Hällström, J, et al. (author)
  • International comparison of software for calculation of lightning impulse parameters based on a new processing algorithm
  • 2007
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A new algorithm has been proposed to calculate the parameters of full lightning voltage impulses. The new algorithm enables the application of the test voltage factor (also referred to as k-factor in some literatures) for calculation of the equivalent test voltage of impulses with superimposed oscillations/overshoots. The new algorithm at the same time provides a robust procedure for obtaining time parameters of the impulses from not only smooth waveforms but also waveforms with varying degrees of distortions in the front part of the impulses. These distortions include oscillations on the impulse front and overshoots in the peak region. A critical part of the new algorithm is a 4-parameter fitting procedure to obtain the base curve, which is used for calculation of the test voltage curve. Another important part of the algorithm is applying a filtering procedure in the calculation of the test voltage curve. The new algorithm was tested in different laboratories using different programming languages and different techniques for realising the fitting and filtering routines. The paper reports the results obtained from the participating laboratories using the proposed algorithm. The results obtained by the participating laboratories using existing software based on the requirement of IEC 60060-1: 1989 were also compared. It is anticipated that the results can serve as a part of the basis for a new procedure for determination of lightning impulse parameters in the revised IEC 60060-1.
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2.
  • Shoji, Y., et al. (author)
  • An Element-Substituted Cyclobutadiene Exhibiting High-Energy Blue Phosphorescence
  • 2021
  • In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 60:40, s. 21817-21823
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • 1,3,2,4-Diazadiboretidine, an isoelectronic heteroanalogue of cyclobutadiene, is an interesting chemical species in terms of comparison with the carbon system, whereas its properties have never been investigated experimentally. According to Baird's rule, Hückel antiaromatic cyclobutadiene acquires aromaticity in the lowest triplet state. Here we report experimental and theoretical studies on the ground- and excited-state antiaromaticity/aromaticity as well as the photophysical properties of an isolable 1,3,2,4-diazadiboretidine derivative. The crystal structure of the diazadiboretidine derivative revealed that the B2N2 ring adopts a planar rhombic geometry in the ground state. Yet, theoretical calculations showed that the B2N2 ring turns to a square geometry with a nonaromatic character in the lowest triplet state. Notably, the diazadiboretidine derivative has the lowest singlet and triplet states lying at close energy levels and displays blue phosphorescence.
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