| 1. |
- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(author)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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| 2. |
- Shefferson, Richard P., et al.
(author)
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Drivers of vegetative dormancy across herbaceous perennial plant species
- 2018
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In: Ecology Letters. - : WILEY. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 21:5, s. 724-733
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Vegetative dormancy, that is the temporary absence of aboveground growth for 1year, is paradoxical, because plants cannot photosynthesise or flower during dormant periods. We test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for its widespread persistence. We show that dormancy has evolved numerous times. Most species displaying dormancy exhibit life-history costs of sprouting, and of dormancy. Short-lived and mycoheterotrophic species have higher proportions of dormant plants than long-lived species and species with other nutritional modes. Foliage loss is associated with higher future dormancy levels, suggesting that carbon limitation promotes dormancy. Maximum dormancy duration is shorter under higher precipitation and at higher latitudes, the latter suggesting an important role for competition or herbivory. Study length affects estimates of some demographic parameters. Our results identify life historical and environmental drivers of dormancy. We also highlight the evolutionary importance of the little understood costs of sprouting and growth, latitudinal stress gradients and mixed nutritional modes.
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| 3. |
- Shefferson, Richard P., et al.
(author)
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lefko3 : Analysing individual history through size-classified matrix population models
- 2021
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In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution. - 2041-210X. ; 12:2, s. 378-382
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 1. The histories of individuals impact the dynamics of their populations. Matrix projection models (MPMs) are used to analyse population dynamics, but are not structured to incorporate these influences. Historical MPMs (hMPM) were developed to incorporate these impacts, but their complexity has left them little used. We developed r package lefko3 to provide simple, quick methods to estimate and analyse hMPMs, as well as ahistorical MPMs.2. Package lefko3 handles the entire workflow from dataset organization to the construction and analysis of hMPMs. Dataset management functions reorganize most demographic data formats, and matrix creation functions estimate both raw and function-based matrices. Vital rates may be modelled as mixed or generalized linear models, with model selection protocols involving current best practices.3. The core kernels are binaries allowing even matrices with over 10,000 rows and columns to be estimated quickly without parallelization. We also include functions to conduct basic deterministic projection analyses.4. Package lefko3, available on CRAN, dramatically reduces the difficulties in testing the impacts of individual history on population dynamics. We provide three vignettes to showcase how hMPMs can be developed and analysed.
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