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- Dichgans, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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METACOHORTS for the study of vascular disease and its contribution to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration : An initiative of the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research
- 2016
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's and Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 12:12, s. 1235-1249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dementia is a global problem and major target for health care providers. Although up to 45% of cases are primarily or partly due to cerebrovascular disease, little is known of these mechanisms or treatments because most dementia research still focuses on pure Alzheimer's disease. An improved understanding of the vascular contributions to neurodegeneration and dementia, particularly by small vessel disease, is hampered by imprecise data, including the incidence and prevalence of symptomatic and clinically “silent” cerebrovascular disease, long-term outcomes (cognitive, stroke, or functional), and risk factors. New large collaborative studies with long follow-up are expensive and time consuming, yet substantial data to advance the field are available. In an initiative funded by the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, 55 international experts surveyed and assessed available data, starting with European cohorts, to promote data sharing to advance understanding of how vascular disease affects brain structure and function, optimize methods for cerebrovascular disease in neurodegeneration research, and focus future research on gaps in knowledge. Here, we summarize the results and recommendations from this initiative. We identified data from over 90 studies, including over 660,000 participants, many being additional to neurodegeneration data initiatives. The enthusiastic response means that cohorts from North America, Australasia, and the Asia Pacific Region are included, creating a truly global, collaborative, data sharing platform, linked to major national dementia initiatives. Furthermore, the revised World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases version 11 should facilitate recognition of vascular-related brain damage by creating one category for all cerebrovascular disease presentations and thus accelerate identification of targets for dementia prevention.
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| 3. |
- Persson, Agneta, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual life stages and temperature dependent morphological changes allow cryptic occurrence of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Harmful Algae. - 1568-9883. ; 30, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Karenia brevis, the Florida red tide dinoflagellate, has been studied extensively, but very little attention has been paid to its sexual life cycle. We found that the life cycle of K. brevis is heterothallic, most probably not resting cyst-producing, but with life stages of different morphology. The isogamous gametes were slightly smaller than vegetative cells and not as broad and flat. The late zygote was yellow-brown in appearance with a thicker wall and more rounded shape lacking carina. Pellicle cysts of these zygotes closely resembled the few earlier descriptions of "possible cysts" of the species. In addition, temperature-dependent, morphological changes and pellicle-cyst formation were observed. Cells placed in the cold (15 degrees C) formed spherical, thin-walled pellicle cysts that germinated into cells that were round in cross-section and longer than wide - so morphologically different from vegetative cells that they would not be correctly identified if encountered in field samples. Cells grown at 25 degrees C were wider and flatter than cells grown at 20 degrees C. Cells warmed from cold conditions became flat and wide within hours, returning to the typical shape. Also the morphological differences between sexual life stages were large enough to allow misidentification and cryptic occurrence of K. brevis. The cell shape of K. brevis was not fixed, but could vary from very wide and flat to elongate with rounded cross-section in the same culture of clonal cells and in the same cells within a short time (hours). In addition to the culture studies, sediment samples from a Karenia "hot spot" area were concentrated, and the dinoflagellate cyst fraction was investigated for resting cysts. Cysts were not found, and Karenia cells did not germinate from slurry cultures of the concentrated cyst fraction. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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