| 1. |
- Peripato, Vinicius, et al.
(författare)
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More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - 1095-9203. ; 382:6666, s. 103-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
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| 2. |
- Aunesluoma, Juhana, et al.
(författare)
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Deterrence or reassurance? : Nordic responses to the First Detente, 1953-1956
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0346-8755 .- 1502-7716. ; 32:2, s. 183-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Historians remember 1953 for the death of Stalin and the ensuing relaxation of East-West tensions, now known as the First Detente. Based on recent Cold War scholarship supplemented by primary documentation, this comparative study looks at the Nordic reaction to the First Wtente 1953-1956 in terms of deterrence and reassurance. The results suggest that, while the Nordic governments uniformly welcomed a more relaxed international atmosphere and entertained hopes of genuine dialogue between East and West, they Often differed in their interpretations of Soviet motives and the genuineness of the post- Stalin foreign policy. The tendency to put added emphasis on reassurance (end hence less deterrence) was most apparent in the cases of Iceland and Finland. Danish and Swedish policy shared this tendency, but lacked the degree of consensus found in Iceland. Norway seems to have been the least amenable to a change in perspective. The course of the First Detente led to an even stronger emphasis on reassurance than had been the case previously. In all of the Nordic countries the invasion of Hungary had a similar alarming effect - it swung the pendulum back toward misgivings about Soviet intentions.
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| 3. |
- Silva, Charles
(författare)
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Keep them strong, keep them friendly : Swedish-American relations and the Pax Americana, 1948-1952
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a study of Swedish-American relations between 1948 and 1952, a period of exceptional flux and complexity in international politics. In this era of recovery and integration in Western Europe, the United States became profoundly engaged in European political, economic, and military affairs. Swedish-American relations are examined in the context of this deepening transatlantic intercourse, using a thematic framework suggested by Cold War historiography. Three central agendas of the postwar Western system--points of extensive contact between the US and W. European governments--are used to map out the Swedish-American interaction. They are first stabilization and productivity, secondly liberalization and integration, and thirdly military rearmament and security. This study argues that a fundamental shift in Swedish-American relations occurred in each issue area between 1948 and 1952.The transformation is described as a layered, gradual process heavily reliant on informal agreements. The pattern of change that emerges--which can empirically be traced from a stage of initial conflict through negotiation to ultimately rapprochement--is relevant for each thematic area. This study explains the mechanism of change in terms of underlying dilemmas confronting both governments. For Sweden’s Social Democratic leadership, the chief postwar dilemma was maintaining fragile domestic consensus around foreign and economic policy, in the face of a cogent challenge from influential critics. For decisionmakers in Washington, the basic dilemma was finding a means to incorporate Sweden into wider American strategy in W. Europe, especially in light of the growing commercial and military significance attached to Sweden. The thesis of this study is that the resolution of the two basic dilemmas paved the way for a rapprochement in Swedish-American relations.
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