| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Muhlemann, B., et al.
(författare)
-
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 557:7705, s. 418-423
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 x 10(-6-)1.51 x 10(-5) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-documented human migrations during the Bronze and Iron Ages(1,2). We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.
|
|
| 3. |
- Smith, Kevin N., et al.
(författare)
-
Residue analysis links sandstone abraders to on San Nicolas Island, California shell fishhook production
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-4403 .- 1095-9238. ; 54, s. 287-293
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excavations at the upper component of the Tule Creek site (CA-SNI-25), dating between approximately 600-350 cal BP, yielded numerous well-preserved sandstone abraders referred to as saws. Many of these tools show heavy use-wear and abundant white residue still adhering to the surface. We used X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to characterize the residue from two of the abraders, which identified the mineral phases calcite and aragonite (both CaCO3), albite (NaAlSi3O8), and quartz (SiO2). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped for Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS) analysis identified the elements C, Ca, S, Na, and Al in the samples, confirming the XRD results. Albite, quartz, and calcite in the scrapings are consistent with the mineralogy of sandstone, though the presence of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and aragonite suggests marine shell is also present in the residue samples. XRD and SEM analysis of a modern red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shell indicates that the inner-layer (nacre) consists mostly of aragonite phase calcium carbonate, whereas the outer layer (epidermis) is made up mostly of calcite phase. SEM images revealed that calcite and aragonite from the archaeological residues display similar morphologies as the material from a modern abalone sample, and a greater presence of aragonite over calcite suggests the abraders were primarily used to work the inner layer of the abalone shell. These results provide a functional linkage between sandstone saws and shell fishhook production at CA-SNI-25.
|
|
| 4. |
- Isendahl, Christian, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban Ecology in the Ancient Tropics : Foodways and Urban Forms
- 2020. - 2
-
Ingår i: The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology. - London : Routledge. - 9781138581357 ; , s. 13-23
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With roots tracing back to the nineteenth century and the study of ‘natural’ ecosystems, in the 1970s urban ecology emerged as a sub-discipline integrating the natural, engineering, social, and humanist sciences (McDonnell 2011). Adding to the primary scope of urban ecology focusing on the recent past, the present, and planning for the future (e.g. Forman 2016), archaeologists use a deep temporal frame of reference for analyzing socio-ecological processes in urban systems (e.g. Redman 2011). Typically employing an anthropocentric perspective on these interactions and combining data from disparate and complementary sources, archaeologists study what people have done, explain why they did so (by testing and evaluating a multitude of social, economic, cultural, and/or ecological interpretive frameworks), and link outcomes to specific legacies, consequences, and trade-offs of anthropogenic transformations of landscape (Isendahl and Stump 2019). Archaeology can extend the frame of reference and spatial and temporal scale of analysis for urban ecology scholars and planners addressing the wide range of issues and challenges presently associated with cities and urban systems (Isendahl and Barthel 2018).
|
|
| 5. |
- Kasperowski, Dick, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
Joining Reference and Representation —Citizen Science as Resistance Practice
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Society for Social Studies of Science 2015 Annual Meeting November 11-14 Denver, Colorado.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the past two decades there has been an increased interest in citizen science. Citizens contribute to science in observing, classifying and collecting data. Several largescale scientific projects have successfully enrolled citizens in the research process (see, galaxyzoo.org; ebird.org). But, citizens are also regarded as deliberative stakeholders in the space between science and society. By participating in the democratic process, this version of a citizen scientist is able to speak for the local community, which is affected by the scientific society. These two types of citizen science seem to be incommensurable. Observing, classifying and collecting scientific facts is usually regarded as a domain that needs to be isolated from any other in society. When science is influenced by politics it looses its objectivity. Similarly, deliberative politics is often thought of as the complete opposite of scientific reasoning. However, there is a third type of citizen science that manages to both become producers of scientific facts and of deliberative politics. Such citizen science projects can, in some cases, be seen as challenging science and producing modified forms of science. Two such examples are the Louisiana Bucket Brigade (labucketbrigade.org), and International Rivers (internationalrivers.org). The purpose of this open panel is to bring forward further examples, both current and historical. What are the consequences of using standardized scientific methods to pursue political goals? Does it imply the end of politics or the end of science? Or is it a form of engagement that contributes to informed politics and more (locally) relevant science? Using the notion of a “crossing” between a political mode of existence, which constantly seeks representation, and a scientific mode of existence that struggles to create reference to the world, this open panel elaborates on how this crossing is traversed, negotiated, denied and defended in citizen science as resistance.
|
|
| 6. |
- Smith, Kevin N., et al.
(författare)
-
Residue analysis, use-wear patterns, and replicative studies indicate that sandstone tools were used as reamers when producing shell fishhooks on San Nicolas Island, California
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-409X .- 2352-4103. ; 20, s. 502-505
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elucidating the tools and production steps involved in manufacturing the characteristic circular shell fishhooks found on the California Channel Islands has been a long-standing problem in California archaeology. A prehistoric production site for shell fishhooks excavated on the most remote island, San Nicolas Island, has provided a rare opportunity to examine manufacturing sequences. We have previously employed a multidisciplinary research approach to demonstrate that fishhook production at this site involved using sandstone slabs as abraders, or saws. Here, we use chemical residue analysis, replicative experiments, and microwear patterns to show that fishhook production also involved the use of small pointed pieces of sandstone as reamers. These results bring us one step closer to understanding the complete prehistoric toolkit used for production of circular shell fishhooks.
|
|
| 7. |
- Farnsworth, Brandon, et al.
(författare)
-
Classical Music has a Diversity Problem
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Classical Music Futures : Practices of Innovation - Practices of Innovation. - 9781805110736 - 9781805110743 - 9781805110750 - 9781805110798 - 9781805110767 ; , s. 41-58
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent profusion of statistics on classical music repertoire, performers, and education from across several countries have produced quantitative evidence confirming that it is primarily a musical tradition where white, middle class European cis-males succeed. This chapter examines how improving the inclusivity and equality of classical music conflicts with its beliefs in meritocracy and high musical quality, but argues that giving up on a belief in classical music’s universalism and exploring instead its many situated entanglements with the world around it would allow for a new approach that does not fall back on the exclusionary categories it has historically relied upon, while offering forms of engaging with classical music that better align with contemporary values of inclusivity and equality. I also argue that sustained statistical work is crucially important to continuing to address classical music’s exclusions, but that in order to not simply facilitate surface changes to a problematic system (engaging in what I call a reformist critique), their goal must be to confound existing categorisations and help usher in new perspectives on the classical music tradition (a radical critique), which in turn requires statistical categories to be readapted. While structural problems will not disappear overnight, such an approach will reveal how classical music has always already been entangled with its surroundings and been the site of many experiments and interactions with other musical genres, which it has marked as ‘other’ and has either forgotten, omitted or purposefully discarded.
|
|
| 8. |
- Muhlemann, B., et al.
(författare)
-
Ancient human parvovirus B19 in Eurasia reveals its long-term association with humans
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 115:29, s. 7557-7562
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a ubiquitous human pathogen associated with a number of conditions, such as fifth disease in children and arthritis and arthralgias in adults. B19V is thought to evolve exceptionally rapidly among DNA viruses, with substitution rates previously estimated to be closer to those typical of RNA viruses. On the basis of genetic sequences up to similar to 70 years of age, the most recent common ancestor of all B19V has been dated to the early 1800s, and it has been suggested that genotype 1, the most common B19V genotype, only started circulating in the 1960s. Here we present 10 genomes (63.9-99.7% genome coverage) of B19V from dental and skeletal remains of individuals who lived in Eurasia and Greenland from similar to 0.5 to similar to 6.9 thousand years ago (kya). In a phylogenetic analysis, five of the ancient B19V sequences fall within or basal to the modern genotype 1, and five fall basal to genotype 2, showing a long-term association of B19V with humans. The most recent common ancestor of all B19V is placed similar to 12.6 kya, and we find a substitution rate that is an order of magnitude lower than inferred previously. Further, we are able to date the recombination event between genotypes 1 and 3 that formed genotype 2 to similar to 5.0-6.8 kya. This study emphasizes the importance of ancient viral sequences for our understanding of virus evolution and phylogenetics.
|
|
| 9. |
- Williams, John W., et al.
(författare)
-
The neotoma paleoecology database, a multiproxy, international, community-curated data resource
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Quaternary Research. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0033-5894 .- 1096-0287. ; 89:1, s. 156-177
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Neotoma Paleoecology Database is a community-curated data resource that supports interdisciplinary global change research by enabling broad-scale studies of taxon and community diversity, distributions, and dynamics during the large environmental changes of the past. By consolidating many kinds of data into a common repository, Neotoma lowers costs of paleodata management, makes paleoecological data openly available, and offers a high-quality, curated resource. Neotoma’s distributed scientific governance model is flexible and scalable, with many open pathways for participation by new members, data contributors, stewards, and research communities. The Neotoma data model supports, or can be extended to support, any kind of paleoecological or paleoenvironmental data from sedimentary archives. Data additions to Neotoma are growing and now include >3.8 million observations, >17,000 datasets, and >9200 sites. Dataset types currently include fossil pollen, vertebrates, diatoms, ostracodes, macroinvertebrates, plant macrofossils, insects, testate amoebae, geochronological data, and the recently added organic biomarkers, stable isotopes, and specimen-level data. Multiple avenues exist to obtain Neotoma data, including the Explorer map-based interface, an application programming interface, the neotoma R package, and digital object identifiers. As the volume and variety of scientific data grow, community-curated data resources such as Neotoma have become foundational infrastructure for big data science.
|
|
